PREDMET O.H. I DRUGI PROTIV SRBIJE

(Predstavka broj 57185/17)

PRESUDA

STRAZBUR
3. februar 2026. godine

Ova presuda će postati pravosnažna pod uslovima iz člana 44. stav 2. Konvencije. Može biti predmet redakcijskih izmena.

U predmetu O.H. i drugi protiv Srbije,

Evropski sud za ljudska prava (Treće odeljenje), na zasedanju Veća u sastavu:

Ioannis Ktistakis, predsednik,

Peeter Roosma,

Lətif Hüseynov,

Darian Pavli,

Mateja Đurović,

Canòlic Mingorance Cairat,

Vasilka Sancin, sudije,

i Milan Blaško, sekretar Odeljenja,

Imajući u vidu:

predstavku (broj 57185/17) protiv Republike Srbije podnetu Sudu u skladu sa članom 34. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda (u daljem tekstu: Konvencija) od strane 17 državljana Avganistana (u daljem tekstu: podnosioci – videti tabelu u prilogu) 1. avgusta 2017. godine

odluku da se Vlada Republike Srbije (u daljem tekstu: Vlada) obavesti o predstavci

odluku da se imena podnosilaca ne obelodanjuju;

zapažanja stranaka;

Nakon većanja na zatvorenoj sednici 16. decembra 2025. godine,

Donosi sledeću presudu, koja je usvojena tog dana:

UVOD

1. Predmet se odnosi na udaljenje migranata iz Avganistana u Republiku Bugarsku nakon što su izrazili nameru da traže azil u Srbiji i na nedostatak delotvornih domaćih pravnih sredstava protiv njihovog udaljenja. Takođe se tiče zakonitosti i uslova njihovog pritvora pre udaljenja.

ČINjENICE

2. Spisak podnosilaca, zajedno sa njihovim ličnim podacima, naveden je u priloženoj tabeli. Predsednik je odobrio gospodinu N. Kovačeviću da zastupa podnosioce pred Sudom (Pravilo 36. st. 2. i 4 (a)) Poslovnika Suda).

3. Vladu je zastupala njihova zastupnica, gospođa Z. Jadrijević Mladar.

4. Činjenice u vezi sa predmetom mogu se sumirati na sledeći način.

I. DOGAĐAJI OD 3. I 4. FEBRUARA 2017. GODINE

5. U ranim jutarnjim satima 3. februara 2017. godine, oko 00.15 časova, srpske vlasti su lišile slobode podnosioce u blizini železničke stanice Dimitrovgrad u Srbiji. Podnosioci su bili deo veće grupe od 25 migranata koje je otkrila jedinica granične policije koja je nadgledala granicu sa Bugarskom. Uhapšeni su zbog sumnje da su počinili prekršaj ilegalnog prelaska granice (videti stav 49. ispod).

6. Nakon lišenja slobode, policija je kontaktirala policijske službenike u Bugarskoj radi vraćanja grupe u skladu sa Sporazumom između Evropske zajednice i Republike Srbije o readmisiji lica koja borave bez dozvole (videti stav 58. ispod). Međutim, kao što je očigledno iz činjenica iznetih u nastavku, podnosioci nisu vraćeni u skladu sa ovim Sporazumom.

7. Prema policijskim izveštajima, jedinica za uviđaj je stigla na mesto lišenja slobode u 1.45 časova. U 2.15 časova podnosioci i ostali članovi grupe su dovedeni od strane pripadnika granične policije, vojske i jedinice žandarmerije u prostorije Stanice granične policije Gradina (u daljem tekstu „Policijska stanica Gradina”), koja je delila kancelarije sa Regionalnim centrom granične policije prema Republici Bugarskoj (u daljem tekstu „Regionalni centar granične policije”) (videti stav 51. ispod).

8. Policija je donela rešenja o zadržavanju protiv prvog, drugog, trećeg, sedmog, osmog, devetog, desetog, jedanaestog, četrnaestog i petnaestog podnosioca. Rešenja o zadržavanju, koja su potpisali navedeni podnosioci, ukazuju da su im uručena u 2.15 časova. Podnosioci su zadržani u skladu sa članom 190. Zakona o prekršajima i članom 86. Zakona o policiji (videti st. 46. i 48. ispod) jer su uhvaćeni u ilegalnom prelasku granice i vlasti su imale osnove sumnje da veruju da bi mogli pobeći ili nastaviti da čine krivična dela, s obzirom na to da nisu mogli biti odmah izvedeni pred sud. Podnosioci su držani u policijskoj stanici Gradina, a početak zadržavanja je zabeležen od 00.15 časova 3. februara 2017. godine.

9. Uz rešenja o zadržavanju, gore spomenutih 10 podnosilaca je primilo formulare u kojima su navedena njihova prava u svojstvu zadržanih lica, koje su oni potpisali. I rešenja i formulari su bili na srpskom ćiriličnom pismu. Oba dokumenta su ukazivala da je zaposleni u Danskom savetu za izbeglice preveo sadržaj na engleski jezik, čime je podnosioce obavestio o njihovoj suštini. U rešenjima o zadržavanju je dalje navedeno da su podnosioci odbili da bilo koga obaveste o svom zadržavanju i da su odlučili da ne angažuju branioca. Pored toga, rešenjima su podnosioci obavešteni o njihovom pravu na žalbu sa rokom od četiri sata za podnošenje žalbe i da će sudija biti dužan da odluči o žalbi u roku od četiri sata.

10. Prema informacijama koje su dali podnosioci, policija je zamolila prevodioca za farsi jezik iz Beogradskog centra za ljudska prava (u daljem tekstu „BCLJP”) da ode u policijsku stanicu Gradina kako bi olakšao komunikaciju sa njima, ali on u početku nije bio dostupan. Međutim, on je kasnije stigao. Vlada je navela da je prevodilac za farsi jezik iz BCLJP-a bio prisutan u policijskoj stanici Gradina u ranim jutarnjim satima 3. februara 2017. godine. U izveštaju od 6. februara 2017. godine koji je sastavio BCLJP u vezi sa događajima u ovom slučaju, navodi se da je policija zamolila gospodina P.J., prevodioca za farsi jezik koji radi za BCLJP, da ode u policijsku stanicu Gradina u 2.00 časa ujutru 3. februara 2017. godine.

11. Policija je pretresla podnosioce i njihove stvari između 2.15 i 4.30 časova. Kasnije, između 9.00 i 12.30 časova, podnosiocima su uzeti otisci prstiju i fotografisani su u skladu sa članom 77. Zakona o policiji radi utvrđivanja njihovog identiteta, jer nijedan od njih nije posedovao lična dokumenta (videti dole navedeni stav 47).

12. Podnosioci su bili smešteni u podrumskoj prostoriji Policijske stanice Gradina. Uslovi u tim prostorijama opisani su u st. 51, 55. i 91. ispod. Prema podacima koje su podnosioci dostavili sa veb stranice AccuWeather, pristupljene 22. jula 2017. godine, spoljna temperatura u Dimitrovgradu tokom njihovog pritvora kretala se od -2°C do 6°C. Podnosiocima je data hrana koju je obezbedio Prihvatni centar u Dimitrovgradu, u saradnji sa Danskim savetom za izbeglice i BCLJP, a odeću i obuću je obezbedio Visoki komesarijat Ujedinjenih nacija za izbeglice.

13. Nakon toga, prema rečima podnosilaca, prevezeni su kombijem do Prekršajnog suda u Pirotu (u daljem tekstu „Prekršajni sud”) i izvedeni pred sudiju za prekršaje oko 14 časova. Policijska stanica Gradina i Prekršajni sud udaljeni su oko 25 km. U rešenjima o pritvoru je navedeno da je policijsko zadržavanje završeno u 14.30 časova. Granična policija je podnela zahteve za pokretanje prekršajnog postupka protiv gore pomenutih 10 podnosilaca zbog sumnje da su ilegalno prešli granicu. Identični zahtevi su podneti i protiv osam drugih osoba koje su uhapšene istovremeno kada i podnosioci. Protiv preostalih sedam podnosilaca, koje je policija identifikovala kao maloletnike, nije pokrenut postupak. Tokom postupka, Prekršajni sud je izrazio sumnje u stvarnu starost prvog, drugog i desetog podnosioca i tretirao ih je kao maloletnike tokom postupka.

14. Na osnovu fotografija koje su podnosioci dostavili, čini se da su tokom prekršajnog postupka bili držani u hodniku suda. Na slikama se vide podnosioci kako sede i leže na podu, iako su vidljive i neke prazne klupe. Podnosioci su bili pod stalnim nadzorom naoružanih graničnih policajaca.

15. U 22.30 časova Prekršajni sud je obustavio postupak jer su podnosioci izrazili nameru da traže azil u Srbiji. Utvrđeno je da bi nastavak postupka bio u suprotnosti sa načelom nekažnjavanja za ilegalni ulazak tražilaca azila predviđenim članom 8. Zakona o azilu (videti dole navedeni stav 50). Prekršajni sud je dalje primetio da su podnosioci izbeglice iz zemlje pogođene ratom i da postoje indicije da su možda bili žrtve trgovine ljudima, što ih, po mišljenju suda, oslobađa odgovornosti za ilegalni prelazak granice. Sud je takođe uzeo u obzir starost maloletnih podnosilaca kao olakšavajuću okolnost.

16. Tokom postupka, podnosioci su izjavili da se plaše povratka u Avganistan zbog tekućeg rata i pretnje od terorizma. Takođe su naveli da Bugarsku ne smatraju bezbednom zemljom, tvrdeći da su tamo bili izloženi iznudi od strane policije. Podnosioci su priznali da su krijumčareni preko granice i izjavili su nameru da podnesu zahtev za azil u Srbiji.

17. U izreci rešenja o obustavi postupka, sud je naložio policajcima iz Policijske stanice Gradina da urade sledeće:

„... omoguće ovlašćenom predstavniku nadležnog Komesarijata za izbeglice [i migracije] Republike Srbije da preuzme postupak u vezi sa licima koja su izrazila nameru da traže azil u Srbiji, budući da su ta lica izbeglice iz ratne zone u Avganistanu, i da preko Komesarijata za izbeglice [i migracije] u Dimitrovgradu obezbedi smeštaj migranata. Postupak mora biti u skladu sa odredbama Zakona o azilu, koji zabranjuje proterivanje ili vraćanje lica protiv njegove/njene volje ako je izražena namera da se traži azil kao izbeglica iz ratne zone. Postoji i sumnja da su ova lica žrtve trgovine ljudima, zbog čega ne mogu biti krivično gonjena.”

18. Postupak je vođen uz pomoć dva prevodioca. Prvo, izjave podnosilaca su prevedene sa paštunskog ili farsi jezika na engleski, a zatim sa engleskog na srpski.

19. Nakon završetka prekršajnog postupka, podnosioci su ponovo predati policiji koja je svakom od njih izdala potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil u Republici Srbiji (u daljem tekstu „potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil”). Prema rečima podnosilaca, te potvrde su im uručene oko 1.00 časova 4. februara, dok policijski izveštaj navodi da je vreme uručenja bilo između 00.30 i 00.45 časova istog dana. Potvrde su nalagale podnosiocima da se jave u Prihvatni centar Divljana i služile su kao privremene dozvole za boravak u Srbiji. Takođe su napomenuli da su maloletni podnosioci bili u pratnji.

20. Umesto da postupi po odluci Prekršajnog suda (videti dole navedeni stav 17), policija je prevezla podnosioce u kombiju do bugarske granice. Policija je oduzela sva dokumenta koja su prethodno izdata podnosiocima u Srbiji, a zatim ih primorala da pređu u Bugarsku. Incident se dogodio tokom noći, u uslovima smrzavanja, sa temperaturama koje su padale na -2°C. Podnosioci su dalje tvrdili da su neke od njih šutnuli policajci nakon što su se žalili na tretman.

21. Tačno vreme udaljenja podnosilaca nije jasno. Podnosioci su tvrdili da se to dogodilo između 2.30 i 3.00 ujutru 4. februara 2017. godine. Izveštaj BCLJP navodi da je kombi koji je prevozio podnosioce krenuo ka granici u 1.30 ujutru (što je posvedočio prevodilac koji radi za BCLJP i koji je razgovarao sa podnosiocima pre nego što su odvedeni na granicu). Podnosioci su naveli da je putovanje od Prekršajnog suda trajalo 1 sat i 30 minuta. Ustavni sud nije utvrdio tačno vreme udaljenja (videti st. 27–29 ispod). Što se tiče policijskih izveštaja, u njima je navedeno da policajci nisu koristili nikakva policijska ovlašćenja protiv podnosilaca nakon što su im uručene potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil, u suštini negirajući da su podnosioce udaljili sa teritorije Srbije.

22. Prema rečima podnosilaca, proveli su noć u šumi. Sledećeg jutra, u 8.25 časova, uhapsila ih je bugarska policija u selu Kalotina, blizu granice sa Srbijom. Vlasti su ih zatim uputile ili u Prihvatni centar Voena Rampa ili u Prihvatni centar Harmanli. Međutim, sedmi podnosilac predstavke je prebačen u Pritvorski centar Bosmanci. Tom prilikom, bugarska policija je sastavila izveštaj u kojem je navedeno da su svi podnosioci, osim sedmog podnosioca, prethodno bili registrovani u nacionalnom sistemu za identifikaciju pojedinaca na osnovu otisaka prstiju i dlanova.

II. KASNIJI SLED DOGAĐAJA

23. Nakon lišenja slobode od strane bugarskih organa (videti gore navedeni stav 22), treći, četvrti, peti, šesti, dvanaesti, trinaesti, četrnaesti, petnaesti, šesnaesti i sedamnaesti podnosilac je smešten u Prihvatni centar Voena Rampa. Dana 30. jula 2017. godine, dvanaesti, trinaesti, četrnaesti, petnaesti, šesnaesti i sedamnaesti podnosilac je ponovo ušao u Srbiju, gde su ponovo registrovani kao tražioci azila i, u vreme podnošenja zahteva Sudu, boravili su u Azilnom centru Krnjača u Beogradu. Treći, četvrti, peti i šesti podnosilac ostao je u Prihvatnom centru Voena Rampa u Bugarskoj.

24. Prvi, drugi, osmi, deveti, deseti i jedanaesti podnosilac boravio je u Sofiji, živeći ili na ulicama ili u hotelima koje su plaćale treće strane. Dana 11. februara 2017. godine su ponovo ušli u Srbiju. Nakon još jednog pokušaja udaljenja sa teritorije države u Bugarsku, uspeli su da se ponovo registruju kao tražioci azila i ostali su u Srbiji. Drugi podnosilac trenutno boravi u Nemačkoj i, prema rečima njegovog pravnog zastupnika, koristi zaštitu u svojstvu izbeglice.

25. Sedma podnositeljka je smeštena u Pritvorskom centru Bosmanci. Ponovo je ušla u Srbiju 28. jula 2017. godine i ponovo je registrovana kao tražilac azila. Sada boravi u Francuskoj. Njen zastupnik je izjavio da ju je kancelarija UNHCR-a preselila u Francusku iz Srbije.

III. POSTUPAK PRED USTAVNIM SUDOM

26. Podnosioci, koje zastupaju advokati koji rade za BCLJP, podneli su ustavnu žalbu 3. marta 2017. godine i tvrdili da im je povređeno nekoliko prava zagarantovanih Ustavom Republike Srbije (u daljem tekstu „Ustav”) i Konvencijom. Ustavni sud je 29. decembra 2020. godine delimično usvojio njihovu ustavnu žalbu i doneo odluku kako sledi.

A. Nalazi o povredama

1. Pritužbe u vezi sa udaljavanjem podnosilaca sa teritorije Srbije u ranim jutarnjim satima 4. februara 2017. godine

27. Podnosioci su se prituživali da je postupanje policajaca nakon obustave prekršajnog postupka protiv njih predstavljalo kolektivno proterivanje, što je u suprotnosti sa članom 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju i članom 39. stav 3. Ustava.

28. Ustavni sud je utvrdio da su, nakon obustave prekršajnog postupka, policajci prevezli podnosioce kombijem do bugarske granice, suprotno odlukama Prekršajnog suda (videti gore navedeni stav 17). Tamo su oduzeli sva dokumenta koja su prethodno izdata podnosiocima (uključujući i potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil) i primorali su ih da se vrate u Bugarsku tokom veoma hladne noći, sa temperaturama od -2°C.

29. Po mišljenju Ustavnog suda, to postupanje je predstavljalo povredu člana 39. stav 3, u vezi sa članom 25, Ustava. Relevantni delovi odluke glase:

„... u svim slučajevima udaljenja tražioca azila iz države ugovornice u treću zemlju posrednicu bez ispitivanja zahteva za azil po suštini, bez obzira na to da li je treća zemlja prijema država članica EU ili ne, odnosno da li je država potpisnica [Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima] ili ne, dužnost je države koja ga udaljava da temeljno ispita pitanje da li u trećoj zemlji prijema postoji stvarni rizik da tražiocu azila bude uskraćen pristup odgovarajućem postupku za azil, koji ga štiti od proterivanja. Ako se utvrdi da postojeće garancije u tom pogledu nisu dovoljne, član 3. podrazumeva dužnost da tražilac azila ne treba da bude udaljen u dotičnu treću zemlju.

...

... Ustavni sud primećuje da, uprkos činjenici da su podnosioci ustavne žalbe pravno okarakterisani kao izbeglice iz ratne zone, da su bili podvrgnuti pravnom postupku koji se primenjuje na izbeglice, čime su dobili zaštitu srpskog pravnog poretka, i da su izrazili nameru da traže azil, oni su zapravo proterani radnjama policijskih službenika. Takvo ponašanje sadrži elemente nehumanog postupanja. Ove elemente dodatno pojačava činjenica da su podnosioci ustavne žalbe proterani na teritoriju Republike Bugarske, u šumu, noću, na temperaturi od -2°C, posebno imajući u vidu da je grupa uključivala osam maloletnika, od kojih su četvoro mlađe od pet godina, a troje mlađe od sedam godina, i da je to praćeno oduzimanjem dokumenata koji su im prethodno izdati (potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil). Postupajući na ovaj način, državni službenici su prekršili garanciju načela zabrane proterivanja ili vraćanja, zajedno sa elementima nehumanog postupanja, koji zahteva da se svako udaljavanje migranata sprovodi u skladu sa zakonom i da stranci mogu biti proterani samo na osnovu odluke nadležnog organa donete i sprovedene u postupku propisanom zakonom. U ovom slučaju, kršenje načela zabrane proterivanja ili vraćanja, sa elementima nehumanog postupanja, ne leži samo u odsustvu individualizovanog akta kojim je nadležni organ naložio određenoj osobi da napusti teritoriju Srbije, već i u činjenici da je proterivanje sprovedeno uprkos odluci Prekršajnog suda i nakon što je postupak azila pokrenut podnošenjem formalnih obrazaca o nameri da se traži azil, u vreme kada taj postupak još nije bio završen.

Ustavni sud dalje napominje da se ispitivanje drugog aspekta načela zabrane proterivanja ili vraćanja – naime, da li se dotična lica vraćaju u bezbednu treću zemlju – ne javlja u ovom slučaju, jer je takva procena relevantna samo kada je doneta formalna odluka o proterivanju. U ovom slučaju, fokus je na radnjama policije, koje su bile suprotne sudskoj odluci i efikasno su lišile podnosioce ustavne žalbe bilo kakve mogućnosti učešća u punom postupku za utvrđivanje njihovog statusa azilanta.

2. Pritužbe u vezi sa zaštitnim merama protiv proizvoljnog pritvaranja

30. Podnosioci su se prituživali da nisu bili u mogućnosti da angažuju advokata kako bi osporili svoje zadržavanje, optužbe protiv njih i uslove pritvora. Štaviše, prituživali su se da nisu imali priliku da, uz pomoć stručnjaka za imigracije i ljudska prava, iznesu svoje tvrdnje o strahu od zlostavljanja u Avganistanu i Bugarskoj. Na kraju, prituživali su se da nisu bili obavešteni, na jeziku koji razumeju, o svojim pravima tokom lišenja slobode i pritvora. Podnosioci su tvrdili da je gospodin P.J., prevodilac za farsi jezik, bio u Policijskoj Stanici Gradina kako bi pomogao policajcima u utvrđivanju identiteta podnosilaca, a ne da bi podnosiocima preveo razloge za njihov pritvor.

31. Ustavni sud je analizirao te pritužbe sa stanovišta garancija utvrđenih odredbama člana 27. stav 3. i člana 29. stav 1. Ustava. Utvrdio je da, suprotno članu 29. stav 1, policija nije imenovala advokata podnosiocima, iako su bili pritvoreni bez sudskog rešenja. Ustavni sud je dalje utvrdio da je bilo razumno pretpostaviti da je podnosiocima, zbog svojih okolnosti, bio potreban advokat kako bi efikasno razumeli svoja prava i postupak koji se vodi protiv njih. S obzirom na to da im policija nije pružila advokata koji bi im pružio pravnu pomoć, Ustavni sud je zaključio da su podnosioci lišeni prava da ospore zakonitost svog pritvora po nalogu policije.

3. Dosuđena naknada

32. Pored zahteva za naknadu nematerijalne štete koju su pretrpeli, podnosioci su od Ustavnog suda zatražili da naloži Vladi Republike Srbije, Ministarstvu unutrašnjih poslova i Ministarstvu odbrane da obezbede da se dalje ne vrše povrede ljudskih prava migranata i tražilaca azila i da se posebno pobrinu da se poštuju načela zabrane proterivanja ili vraćanja i zabrane kolektivnog proterivanja. Ustavni sud je dodelio po 1.000 evra (EUR) svakom od podnosilaca na ime nematerijalne štete koju su pretrpeli zbog svih utvrđenih povreda i presudio da nema nadležnost da nalaže mere poput onih koje su podnosioci tražili.

33. Tužena država je isplatila gore pomenutu nadoknadu drugom i sedmom podnosiocu predstavke. Preostali podnosioci predstavke nisu dostavili bankovne informacije potrebne za izvršenje isplata.

B. Ustavni sud nije utvrdio povrede

1. Pritužbe u vezi sa navodnom nezakonitošću i proizvoljnošću pritvaranja podnosilaca

34. Podnosioci su se prituživali da je njihovo lišenje slobode između hapšenja i obustavljanja prekršajnog postupka bilo proizvoljno, jer su na kraju priznati kao tražioci azila i prekršajni postupak protiv njih je obustavljen. Što se tiče lišavanja slobode nakon obustavljanja tog postupka do njihovog udaljenja sa teritorije Srbije, podnosioci su tvrdili da ono nije imalo osnova u domaćem pravu.

35. Ustavni sud je utvrdio da nema povrede člana 27. stav 1. Ustava i odlučio da je lišenje slobode podnosilaca, koje je trajalo od njihovog hapšenja (videti gore navedeni stav 5) do obustavljanja prekršajnog postupka protiv njih (videti gore navedeni stav 15), imalo osnova u domaćem pravu (zadržavanje lica zatečenih u izvršenju prekršaja zbog toga što se njihov identitet ne može utvrditi, u skladu sa članom 190. stav 1(a) i 3. Zakona o prekršajima – videti dole navedeni stav 46). Ustavni sud je dalje utvrdio da su podnosioci bili zadržani u skladu sa postupkom propisanim zakonom, jer su im vlasti uručile rešenja o zadržavanju u skladu sa Zakonom o prekršajima. Ustavni sud je dodao da odluka Prekršajnog suda o obustavi postupka protiv podnosilaca, jer su izrazili nameru da traže azil u Srbiji, ne može dovesti u pitanje prvobitnu zakonitost pritvora.

2. Pritužbe u vezi sa navodnim zlostavljanjem podnosilaca

36. Podnosioci su se prituživali da su uslovi pritvora u Policijskoj stanici Gradina i u zgradi Prekršajnog suda predstavljali nečovečno i ponižavajuće postupanje.

37. Što se tiče njihovog pritvora u Policijskoj stanici Gradina, Ustavni sud je prihvatio da su podnosioci bili držani u uslovima prenatrpanosti. Ustavni sud se, prilikom utvrđivanja relevantnih činjenica, pozvao na nalaze Zaštitnika građana (videti dole navedeni stav 54). Ustavni sud je na kraju zaključio da taj period pritvora podnosilaca nije predstavljao nikakav oblik zlostavljanja zabranjen članom 25. Ustava. Do tog zaključka je došlo u svetlu nekoliko olakšavajućih okolnosti, naime činjenice da su podnosiocima obezbeđeni hrana i odeća tokom kratkog perioda zadržavanja i da su bili zadržani tokom migrantske krize, tokom koje je neočekivano veliki broj stranaca ušao na teritoriju Srbije. Ustavni sud se oslonio na sudsku praksu ovog Suda u predmetu Muršić protiv Hrvatske ([VV], broj 7334/13, od 20. oktobra 2016. godine). Što se tiče uslova boravka podnosilaca u sudnici u Pirotu, Ustavni sud je odbacio taj deo ustavne žalbe kao očigledno neosnovan.

B. Ostale pritužbe

38. Ustavni sud se nije bavio pritužbama podnosilaca da nisu imali pristup delotvornom pravnom leku sa suspenzivnim dejstvom da ospore svoje udaljenje sa teritorije Srbije i da su bili prevezeni u uslovima pretrpanosti od Prekršajnog suda do granice. Ustavni sud takođe nije razmatrao pritužbu podnosilaca u vezi sa nezakonitošću njihovog pritvora nakon obustave prekršajnog postupka (videti gore navedene st. 34. i 35). Uprkos svom nalazu da je podnosiocima bio potreban advokat da bi efikasno razumeli svoja prava i postupak protiv njih, Ustavni sud nije eksplicitno odlučio o pritužbi podnosilaca da nisu bili obavešteni, na jeziku koji razumeju, o svojim pravima tokom hapšenja i pritvora (videti gore navedene st. 30. i 31).

IV. UZRAST DRUGOG PODNOSIOCA PREDSTAVKE

39. Drugi podnosilac, kao i svi ostali podnosioci, nije imao lična dokumenta iz svoje zemlje porekla – Avganistana. U svojoj predstavci je naveo da je rođen 13. marta 2000. godine, što bi značilo da je u vreme lišenja slobode i udaljenja imao 16 godina. Međutim, zvanični dokumenti pružaju protivrečne informacije: u naredbi za zadržavanje i policijskom izveštaju o identifikaciji koju je izvršila srpska policija naveden je datum njegovog rođenja kao 1. januar 1998. godine (videti st. 8 i 11 iznad), a isti datum se pojavljuje i u zahtevu za pokretanje prekršajnog postupka (videti gore navedeni stav 13). Tokom tog postupka, Prekršajni sud je zabeležio datum njegovog rođenja kao februar 2000. godine, što ukazuje na sumnju da bi mogao biti maloletan (ibid.). U izveštaju bugarske policije navedeno je da je drugi podnosilac rođen 10. marta 1996. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 22).

40. U podnesku od 9. juna 2025. godine, zastupnik podnosilaca je dostavio Sudu dozvolu boravka drugog podnosioca predstavke u Nemačkoj, koja ukazuje da je rođen 24. januara 1992. godine. Tužena Vlada nije dala nikakve komentare u tom pogledu.

RELEVANTNI PRAVNI OKVIR I PRAKSA

I. DOMAĆI PRAVNI OKVIR I PRAKSA

A. Ustav Republike Srbije (objavljen u „Službenom glasniku Republike Srbije” – SG RS – broj 98/06)

41. Član 25. utvrđuje da su fizički i psihički integritet nepovredivi i da niko ne može biti izložen mučenju, nečovečnom ili ponižavajućem postupanju ili kažnjavanju, niti podvrgnut medicinskim ili naučnim ogledima bez svog slobodno datog pristanka.

42. Član 27. st. 1–3. glase:

„Svako ima pravo na ličnu slobodu i bezbednost. Lišenje slobode dopušteno je samo iz razloga i u postupku koji su predviđeni zakonom.

Lice koje je lišeno slobode od strane državnog organa odmah se, na jeziku koji razume, obaveštava o razlozima lišenja slobode, o optužbi koja mu se stavlja na teret kao i o svojim pravima i ima pravo da bez odlaganja o svom lišenju slobode obavesti lice po svom izboru.

Svako ko je lišen slobode ima pravo žalbe sudu, koji je dužan da hitno odluči o zakonitosti lišenja slobode i da naredi puštanje na slobodu ako je lišenje slobode bilo nezakonito.”

43. Član 28. st. 1. i 2. utvrđuju da se prema licu lišenom slobode mora postupati čovečno i s uvažavanjem dostojanstva njegove ličnosti i da je zabranjeno svako nasilje prema licu lišenom slobode.

44. Član 29. stav 1. jemči da se licu lišenom slobode bez odluke suda odmah saopštava da ima pravo da ništa ne izjavljuje i pravo da ne bude saslušano bez prisustva branioca koga samo izabere ili branioca koji će mu besplatno pružiti pravnu pomoć ako ne može da je plati.

45. Član 39. stav 3. glasi:

„Ulazak stranaca u Republiku Srbiju i boravak u njoj uređuje se zakonom. Stranac može biti proteran samo na osnovu odluke nadležnog organa, u zakonom predviđenom postupku i ako mu je obezbeđeno pravo žalbe i to samo tamo gde mu ne preti progon zbog njegove rase, pola, vere, nacionalne pripadnosti, državljanstva, pripadnosti određenoj društvenoj grupi, političkog mišljenja ili gde mu ne preti ozbiljno kršenje prava zajemčenih ovim ustavom.”

B. Zakon o prekršajima (objavljen u „Službenom glasniku Republike Srbije”, br. 65/13 i 13/16)

46. Član 190. stav 1. propisuje da ovlašćeni policijski službenici mogu i bez naredbe suda privesti lice zatečeno u vršenju prekršaja: 1) ako se identitet tog lica ne može utvrditi ili postoji potreba provere identiteta; 2) ako nema prebivalište ili boravište; 3) ako odlaskom u inostranstvo može izbeći odgovornost za prekršaj, a u pitanju su prekršaji za koje se ne može izdati prekršajni nalog; 4) ako se dovođenjem sprečava u nastavljanju izvršenja prekršaja, odnosno ako postoji opasnost da će neposredno nastaviti sa činjenjem prekršaja, ponoviti prekršaj ili da će izbeći prekršajni postupak. Član 190. stav 3. predviđa ako je u slučajevima iz stava 1. ovog člana osumnjičeni zatečen u vršenju prekršaja i ne može se odmah privesti u sud, a postoje osnovi sumnje da će pobeći ili opasnost da će neposredno nastaviti da vrši prekršaje, ovlašćeni policijski službenik može osumnjičenog zadržati najduže 24 časa. U slučaju iz stava 3. ovog člana, ovlašćeni policijski službenik dužan je da bez odlaganja o zadržavanju obavesti lice po izboru zadržanog lica, kao i diplomatsko-konzularnog predstavnika države čiji je državljanin zadržan, odnosno predstavnika odgovarajuće međunarodne organizacije ako je zadržano lice izbeglica ili lice bez državljanstva (član 190. stav 4). St. 5. i 6. istog člana propisuju da se u odnosu na uhapšenog osumnjičenog izdaje rešenje o zadržavanju i da optuženi i njegov branilac imaju pravo da podnesu žalbu na rešenje o zadržavanju u roku od četiri časa od njegovog dostavljanja.

B. Zakon o policiji (objavljen u „Službenom glasniku Republike Srbije”, broj 6/16)

47. Član 77. propisuje, između ostalog, da se utvrđivanje identiteta lica vrši prema licu koje kod sebe nema propisanu ispravu ili se sumnja u verodostojnost takve isprave, ako se na drugi način ne može proveriti njegov identitet, ili na osnovu posebnog zahteva nadležnog organa. Takođe propisuje da se identitet utvrđuje korišćenjem podataka iz forenzičkih evidencija, primenom metoda i upotrebom sredstava kriminalističke taktike i forenzike, medicinskim ili drugim odgovarajućim veštačenjima.

48. Član 86. stav 1. propisuje da će policijski službenik zadržati lice u slučaju kada je to drugim zakonom propisano.

G. Zakon o zaštiti državne granice (objavljen u „Službenom glasniku RS”, broj 97/08)

49. Član 65. stav 1. propisuje, između ostalog, da će fizičko lice biti kažnjeno za prekršaj novčanom kaznom od 5.000 do 50.000 dinara ili zatvorom do 30 dana ako pređe ili pokuša da pređe državnu granicu van određenog graničnog prelaza.

D. Zakon o azilu (objavljen u „Službenom glasniku Republike Srbije”, broj 109/07)

50. Član 8. propisuje da lice koje traži azil neće biti kažnjeno za nezakonit ulazak ili boravak na teritoriji Republike Srbije, pod uslovom da podnese zahtev za azil bez odlaganja i predstavi valjano opravdanje za svoj nezakoniti ulazak ili boravak.

Đ. Zaštitnik građana – Nacionalni mehanizam za sprečavanje torture (NMP) – Izveštaji o posetama Regionalnom centru granične policije prema Bugarskoj

51. Regionalni centar granične policije i Policijska stanica Gradina su dve različite organizacione jedinice unutar policije Republike Srbije. Međutim, dele deo infrastrukture, što je slučaj sa prostorijom u kojoj su podnosioci bili smešteni 3. februara 2017. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 12).

1. Poseta 27. jula 2016. godine

52. Poseta je najavljena. U relevantnim delovima izveštaja piše sledeće:

„U periodu od 1. januara do 1. jula 2016. godine, ukupno 2.673 osobe su registrovane nakon njihovog otkrivanja prilikom ilegalnog prelaska državne granice. Od tog broja, većina su bili državljani Avganistana... Prema zvaničnim izveštajima, migranti najčešće prelaze granicu peške ili se krijumčare vozilima.

... Prema zvaničnim izveštajima, postupak registracije u prostorijama Regionalnog centra granične policije ne traje duže od šest sati.”

53. Navodi se da je u istom periodu Regionalni centar granične policije izdao 3.296 potvrda o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil, nakon čega je tražioce azila uputio ka centru za azil sa raspoloživim smeštajem.

2. Poseta 9. februara 2017. godine.

54. Ova poseta je bila nenajavljena. U relevantnim delovima izveštaja piše sledeće:

„Prema evidenciji Regionalnog centra granične policije, u januaru 2017. godine pronađeno je 303 lica koja su pokušavala da uđu ili su ilegalno ušla u Republiku Srbiju.

...

Potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil izdaju stanice granične policije, koje dobijaju informacije od dežurnog centra Uprave granične policije o raspoloživim mestima u centrima za prihvat migranata. Službenici Regionalnog centra granične policije ne prate ove osobe do centara; umesto toga, prevoz organizuje Međunarodna organizacija za migracije (MOM), u koordinaciji sa Komesarijatom za izbeglice i migracije.

...

Prema rečima službenika Regionalnog centra granične policije, komunikacija sa strancima sa kojima se susreću i dalje se odvija usmeno, na engleskom jeziku, sa nekim iz grupe ko govori taj jezik. Povremeno koriste usluge prevodioca koje pružaju Beogradski centar za ljudska prava i MOM. Preporuka NPM-a da se obezbedi obrazac koji pruža informacije o pravima preveden na arapski, farsi, urdu i paštunski jezik – koji bi policijski službenici mogli da dele migrantima/tražiocima azila kako bi ih obavestili o njihovoj pravnoj situaciji i pravima – nije sprovedena.”

55. U delu koji se odnosi na pritvaranje migranata, izveštaj navodi sledeće:

„[Službenici Regionalnog centra granične policije izjavili su da] nemaju objekte za pritvor i ne drže migrante u pritvoru. U slučajevima kada se prekršajni ili drugi postupci pokrenu tokom noći, migranti navodno ostaju u trpezariji nekoliko sati dok ne budu izvedeni pred sudiju za prekršaje ili dok se ne završi provera identiteta i drugi postupci. U dvorištu se nalazi „kontejner” namenjen za smeštaj ranjivih grupa migranata (žena i dece), ali on još nije u upotrebi.

Međutim, tokom pregleda zgrade, tim NPM-a je pronašao posebnu prostoriju u kojoj su smešteni migranti. Na podu sobe nalazila su se raširena, prljava ćebad koja su izgledala kao da su korišćena, kao i ostaci hrane, bugarske valute i zaboravljene lične stvari. Na osnovu tih nalaza, tim NPM-a je zaključio da migranti provode vreme u toj prostoriji, iako joj nedostaje toalet, pristup vodi za piće i adekvatno grejanje. [Fotografije sobe su priložene uz izveštaj.]”

E. Izveštaji Beogradskog centra za ljudska prava

56. BCLJP, nevladina organizacija sa sedištem u Beogradu koja je pružala pomoć tražiocima azila u Srbiji, objavila je godišnje izveštaje pod nazivom „Pravo na azil u Republici Srbiji” za 2015, 2016. i 2017. godinu, objavljene 2016, 2017. i 2018. godine, tim redom. Ti izveštaji ukazuju da je 577.995 osoba registrovano kao tražioci azila u 2015. godini. Taj broj je naglo opao na 12.821 u 2016. godini, a trend pada je nastavljen u 2017. godini sa 6.199 registracija. Broj novoregistrovanih tražilaca azila u 2017. godini ostao je konstantan tokom cele godine.

II. MEĐUNARODNI PRAVNI OKVIR I PRAKSA

A. Izveštaj upućen Vladi Srbije o poseti Srbiji koju je sproveo Evropski komitet za sprečavanje mučenja i nečovečnog ili ponižavajućeg postupanja ili kažnjavanja (CPT) od 26. maja do 5. juna 2015. godine, od 24. juna 2016. godine, CPT/Inf (2016) 21

57. CPT je posetio nekoliko policijskih ustanova u kojima su se nalazila lica lišena slobode (Policijska stanica Gradina nije bila među njima) i utvrdio je nedostatke kada je reč o uslovima pritvora slične onima koje je dokumentovao NPM tokom svoje posete Policijskoj stanici Gradina (videti dole navedeni stav 55). Najvažnije je to što je utvrđeno da su ćelije bile nepogodne za pritvor duže od nekoliko sati, sa lošim osvetljenjem, neadekvatnom ventilacijom i bez dušeka, pri čemu su pritvorenici primoravani da spavaju na tvrdim „platformama”. Ćebad su retko čišćena, a sanitarni čvorovi su generalno bili u lošem stanju (videti stav 32. tog izveštaja). CPT je preporučio da Srbija treba da poboljša materijalne uslove u policijskim ćelijama (videti stav 36. tog izveštaja).

B. Sporazum između Evropske zajednice i Republike Srbije o readmisiji lica koja borave bez dozvole od 19. decembra 2007. godine, SL L 334, str. 46–64.

58. Ovaj sporazum, odobren Odlukom Saveta 2007/819/EZ od 8. novembra 2007. godine, predviđa, u relevantnom delu, sledeće:

Član 5.

„1. Država članica [bilo koja država članica Evropske unije, sa izuzetkom Kraljevine Danske] će, na zahtev Srbije i bez daljih formalnosti osim onih predviđenih ovim sporazumom, ponovo primiti sve državljane trećih zemalja ili lica bez državljanstva koja ne ispunjavaju ili više ne ispunjavaju važeće zakonske uslove za ulazak, prisustvo ili boravak na teritoriji Srbije, pod uslovom da se dokaže ili se može opravdano pretpostaviti na osnovu dostavljenih prima facie dokaza da su ta lica:

...

(b) nezakonito i direktno ušla na teritoriju Srbije nakon što su boravila na ili tranzitirala kroz teritoriju zamoljene države članice.

2. Obaveza readmisije iz stava 1. neće se primenjivati ako:

...

(b) je Srbija izdala državljaninu treće zemlje ili licu bez državljanstva vizu ili dozvolu boravka pre ili nakon ulaska na njenu teritoriju, osim ako:

– to lice poseduje vizu ili dozvolu boravka, koju je izdala zamoljena država članica, a koja ističe kasnije, ili

– je viza ili dozvola boravka koju je izdala Srbija dobijena korišćenjem krivotvorenih ili falsifikovanih dokumenata, ili davanjem lažne izjave, a dotično lice je boravilo na teritoriji zamoljene države članice ili je tranzitiralo kroz nju, ili

- to lice ne poštuje bilo koji uslov vezan za vizu, a dotično lice je boravilo na teritoriji zamoljene države članice ili je tranzitiralo kroz nju.

...

4. Nakon što država članica pozitivno odgovori na zahtev za readmisiju, Srbija izdaje licu čiji je readmisija prihvaćena putnu ispravu potrebnu za njegov ili njen povratak.

...”

Član 17.

„1. Ovaj sporazum neće uticati na prava, obaveze i odgovornosti Zajednice, država članica i Srbije koje proizilaze iz međunarodnog prava, a posebno iz:

...

– Evropske konvencije od 4. novembra 1950. godine za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda,

...”

PRAVO

I. GUBITAK INTERESA U POSTUPKU PETNAEST PODNOSILACA PREDSTAVKE

59. Sud primećuje da član 37. stav 1. Konvencije, u svojim relevantnim delovima, utvrđuje sledeće:

„1. Sud može u bilo kojoj fazi postupka odlučiti da izbriše predstavku sa svoje liste predmeta kada okolnosti dovode do zaključka da

(a) podnosilac ne namerava da nastavi postupak na osnovu svoje predstavke; ...

Međutim, Sud će nastaviti sa razmatranjem predstavke ako to zahteva poštovanje ljudskih prava kako je definisano u Konvenciji i protokolima uz nju.

60. U pismu od 21. septembra 2021. godine, zastupnik podnosilaca obavestio je Sud da je u redovnom kontaktu sa drugim (gospodin H.A.) i sedmim (gospođa Z.F.) podnosiocem. Što se tiče ostalih podnosilaca, obavestio je Sud da oni ili ne žele da nastave postupak pred Sudom ili da više ne postoji kontakt sa njima. Zastupnik podnosilaca je 14. jula 2022. i 9. juna 2025. godine potvrdio da je u kontaktu sa drugim i sedmim podnosiocem, te je preneo njihovu spremnost da nastave postupak pred Sudom.

61. U svojim zapažanjima, Vlada je tvrdila da dostupne informacije jasno pokazuju da, sa izuzetkom drugog i sedmog podnosioca, preostali podnosioci nemaju nameru da nastave postupak pred Sudom.

62. Sud smatra da se prema gore navedenim okolnostima može smatrati da podnosioci, osim drugog i sedmog, ne žele da nastave postupak na osnovu svoje predstavke, u smislu člana 37. stav 1(a) Konvencije (videti V.M. i dr. protiv Belgije (brisanje) [VV], broj 60125/11, st. 35–36, od 17. novembra 2016. godine, i sudsku praksu koja je navedena u istom).

63. Pre nego što izbriše predmet, Sud ipak mora da razmotri da li postoje okolnosti u vezi sa poštovanjem ljudskih prava kako su definisana u Konvenciji i njenim protokolima koje zahtevaju dalje ispitivanje predmeta (član 37. stav 1. in fine).

64. Sud primećuje da su svi podnosioci bili izloženi istom tretmanu i da su izneli identične pritužbe. Iako primećuje da su neki podnosioci koji su izgubili interesovanje za dalji postupak bili maloletni, Sud smatra da se pitanja pokrenuta ovom predstavkom mogu adekvatno rešiti ispitivanjem pritužbi koje su podneli drugi i sedmi podnosilac, koji i dalje žele da nastave postupak (u daljem tekstu „podnosioci”). U ovim okolnostima, nema potrebe da se nastavlja ispitivanje pritužbi preostalih 15 podnosilaca u skladu sa članom 37. stav 1. Konvencije in fine.

65. Imajući u vidu gore navedena razmatranja, Sud smatra da je prikladno da zahtev u odnosu na prvog, trećeg, četvrtog, petog, šestog, osmog, devetog, desetog, jedanaestog, dvanaestog, trinaestog, četrnaestog, petnaestog, šesnaestog i sedamnaestog podnosioca izbriše sa liste predmeta u skladu sa članom 37. stav 1(a) Konvencije.

II. STATUS ŽRTVE DRUGOG I SEDMOG PODNOSIOCA PREDSTAVKE

66. U svojoj odluci od 29. decembra 2020. godine, Ustavni sud je utvrdio da su srpske vlasti 3. i 4. februara 2017. godine prekršile nekoliko prava podnosilaca zagarantovanih Ustavom (videti gore navedene st. 27–31). Ustavni sud je dodelio svakom podnosiocu 1.000 evra na ime nematerijalne štete nastale usled svih utvrđenih povreda. Ti iznosi su naknadno isplaćeni (videti gore navedene st. 32. i 33).

67. U svojim zapažanjima, Vlada je navela da je Ustavni sud razmotrio sve povrede prava podnosilaca i da im je dodelio pravično zadovoljenje.

68. Iako nije izričito izneto, Sud razume podneske Vlade kao prigovor da podnosioci više nemaju prava da tvrde da su „žrtve” u pogledu pritužbi u vezi sa kojima je Ustavni sud utvrdio povredu. U svakom slučaju, ovo je pitanje koje spada u nadležnost Suda, koju može da ispita po sopstvenom nahođenju (videti Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy i Satamedia Oy protiv Finske [VV], broj 931/13, stav 93, od 27. juna 2017. godine).

69. Podnosioci su prihvatili da je Ustavni sud utvrdio da je povređeno nekoliko njihovih prava zagarantovanih Ustavom i Konvencijom. Međutim, tvrdili su da iznos koji im je dosuđen na ime nematerijalne štete koju su pretrpeli nije bio primeren i dovoljan.

70. Prema praksi Suda, odluka ili mera povoljna za podnosioce predstavki nije, u načelu, dovoljna da ih liši statusa „žrtve” u svrhu člana 34. Konvencije, osim ukoliko su nacionalni organi priznali kršenje Konvencije, bilo izričito ili u suštini, a zatim i pružili pravnu zaštitu u kontekstu istog. Samo kada su oba ova uslova ispunjena, supsidijarna priroda zaštitnog mehanizma Konvencije isključuje ispitivanje predstavke (videti Selahattin Demirtaş protiv Turske (br. 2) [VV], broj 14305/17, stav 218, od 22. decembra 2020. godine). Što se tiče naknade koja je prikladna i dovoljna da bi se otklonila povreda prava iz Konvencije na nacionalnom nivou, Sud je generalno smatrao da to zavisi od svih okolnosti slučaja, imajući u vidu, posebno, prirodu predmetne povrede Konvencije. U slučajevima namernog zlostavljanja od strane državnih službenika koje predstavlja kršenje člana 3, državni organi moraju da sprovedu efikasnu istragu koja može dovesti do identifikacije i, ako je moguće, kažnjavanja odgovornih (videti Tsaava i dr. protiv Gruzije [VV], broj 13186/20 i 4 dr, stav 251, od 11. decembra 2025. godine). Dosuđenje naknade podnosiocu predstavke je potrebno kada je to prikladno, odnosno, potrebno je u najmanju ruku omogućiti traženje i dobijanje naknade za štetu koju je podnosilac predstavke pretrpeo kao rezultat zlostavljanja. Status žrtve podnosioca predstavke može zavisiti od nivoa naknade dosuđene na domaćem nivou, uzimajući u obzir činjenice na koje se on ili ona pritužuje pred Sudom (videti Gäfgen protiv Nemačke [VV], broj 22978/05, st. 116 i 118, ESLJP 2010).

71. Vraćajući se na ovaj slučaj, Sud primećuje da su srpske vlasti priznale, barem u suštini, nekoliko povreda prava Konvencije podnosiocima. Konkretno, Ustavni sud je utvrdio povredu člana 39. stav 3. Ustava, koji pruža procesne garancije u pogledu proterivanja stranaca (videti gore navedeni stav 45). Utvrdio je da je ova odredba prekršena jer su podnosioci proterani bez prethodnog ispitivanja njihovog udaljenja na pojedinačnoj osnovi i suprotno uputstvima koje je izdao Prekršajni sud (videti gore navedene st. 27–29 i uporediti sa pritužbama podnosilaca u stavu 79 ispod). Dalje je utvrdio povredu člana 25. Ustava u vezi sa tvrdnjom podnosilaca da su proterani iz Srbije tokom noći u uslovima smrzavanja, što odgovara povredi člana 3. Konvencije (videti gore navedeni stav 29). Konačno, Ustavni sud je utvrdio povredu člana 27. stav 3. i člana 29. stav 1. Ustava u vezi sa pritužbom podnosilaca da im nije pružena pravna pomoć nakon hapšenja i da nisu mogli da ospore zakonitost svog pritvora (videti gore navedene st. 30 i 31). Ovo odgovara povredi člana 5. stav 4. Konvencije. Shodno tome, prvi uslov je ispunjen u pogledu određenih aspekata pritužbi podnosilaca po čl. 3. i 5. Konvencije (za potpuni opseg pritužbi podnosilaca po članu 3. videti dole navedene st. 90, 91, 113, 120, 128, i 135, a po članu 5. videti st. 150 i 161–163 ispod).

72. Što se tiče naknade koja je dodeljena podnosiocima, Sud napominje da je Ustavni sud svakom od njih dosudio 1.000 evra na ime nematerijalne štete koja je proizašla iz svih povreda koje je utvrdio i da su ti iznosi uredno isplaćeni. Sud, međutim, primećuje posebno ozbiljnu prirodu tih povreda, koje su uključivale kršenje zabrane zlostavljanja. Štaviše, dosuđeni iznos je bio znatno niži od iznosa koje je Sud dodelio u uporedivim slučajevima (videti, na primer, mutatis mutandis, J.A. i dr. protiv Italije, broj 21329/18, st. 67, 99, 116 i 122, od 30. marta 2023. godine; i H.Q. i dr. protiv Mađarske, broj 46084/21 i 2 dr, st. 125, 142 i 168, od 24. juna 2025. godine). Sud stoga smatra da drugi uslov potreban da se podnosiocima oduzme status žrtve nije ispunjen.

73. Pod ovim okolnostima, i u kontekstu statusa žrtve podnosilaca, nije potrebno baviti se pitanjem da li su vlasti ispunile svoju obavezu da sprovedu efikasnu istragu koja može dovesti do identifikacije i, ako je potrebno, kažnjavanja odgovornih u vezi sa ponašanjem policajaca za koje je Ustavni sud utvrdio da je u suprotnosti sa članom 25. Ustava (videti gore navedene st. 29 i 71).

74. U svetlu navedenog, Sud nalazi da odluka Ustavnog suda od 29. decembra 2020. godine nije lišila podnosioce njihovog statusa žrtve u pogledu njihovih pritužbi pred Sudom.

III. PRELIMINARNO PITANjE – UZRAST DRUGOG PODNOSIOCA PREDSTAVKE

75. U svetlu protivrečnih informacija u vezi sa godinama drugog podnosioca (videti st. 39 i 40 iznad), Sud smatra da je neophodno utvrditi da li je on bio maloletan u vreme događaja koji čine predmet ove predstavke, jer to utiče na obim i sadržaj obaveza Tužene po Konvenciji.

76. Sud primećuje da je u zvaničnim dokumentima iz Srbije i Bugarske datum rođenja drugog podnosioca predstavke različito upisan, odnosno, između marta 1996. i februara 2000. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 39). U tom kontekstu, Sud primećuje da je podnosilac proveo približno 24 sata u Srbiji. Ovaj kratak period nije omogućio srpskim organima dovoljno vremena da sprovedu temeljnu procenu starosti. Što se tiče procene starosti sprovedene u Bugarskoj, Sud nema informacije o bilo kakvim konkretnim koracima koje su preduzele bugarske vlasti kako bi utvrdile starost drugog podnosioca.

77. Stoga Sud daje veću težinu najnovijem podnesku drugog podnosioca u vezi sa njegovom starošću koju su utvrdile nemačke vlasti (videti gore navedeni stav 40). Posebno, primećuje da drugi podnosilac nije osporio taj datum, dok ove informacije ne doprinose njegovom slučaju u pogledu procene pritužbi maloletnika bez pratnje u sličnim slučajevima.

78. Shodno tome, Sud smatra da je utvrđeno da je drugi podnosilac rođen 24. januara 1992. godine i da nije bio maloletan u vreme događaja koji čine predmet ove predstavke.

IV. NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 4. PROTOKOLA BROJ 4. UZ KONVENCIJU

79. Podnosioci su tvrdili da su bili izloženi kolektivnom proterivanju. Tvrdili su da su ih srpske vlasti primorale da napuste zemlju bez sprovođenja individualne procene njihovih ličnih okolnosti, kršeći član 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju, koji glasi:

„Kolektivno proterivanje stranaca je zabranjeno.”

80. Vlada je tvrdila da je Ustavni sud, u svojoj odluci od 29. decembra 2020. godine, utvrdio da su podnosioci bili podvrgnuti proterivanju kršeći član 39. stav 3. Ustava, koji odgovara članu 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju, i da je podnosiocima ponudio odgovarajuću nadoknadu.

81. Podnosioci su tvrdili da iznos koji im je dosuđen na ime nematerijalne štete koju su pretrpeli nije bio odgovarajući i dovoljan.

82. Sud je već odlučio da podnosioci i dalje mogu tvrditi da su „žrtve” u vezi sa ovom pritužbom (videti gore navedene st. 66–74).

83. Dalje se napominje da ova pritužba nije očigledno neosnovana u smislu člana 35. stav 3(a) Konvencije niti je neprihvatljiva po bilo kom drugom osnovu. Stoga se mora proglasiti prihvatljivom.

84. Sud se poziva na načela koja se tiču „kolektivne” prirode proterivanja rezimirane u predmetu N.D. i N.T. protiv Španije ([VV], br. 8675/15 i 8697/15, st. 193–201, od 13. februara 2020. godine). Ponavlja se da je odlučujući kriterijum da bi se proterivanje okarakterisalo kao „kolektivno” odsustvo „razumnog i objektivnog ispitivanja konkretnog slučaja svakog pojedinačnog stranca iz grupe” (ibid., stav 195).

85. Izuzeci od gore navedenog pravila pronađeni su u slučajevima gde se nedostatak pojedinačne odluke o proterivanju može pripisati ponašanju samog podnosioca predstavke (videti Beriša i Haljiti protiv Bivše Jugoslovenske Republike Makedonije (odluka), broj 18670/03, od 16. juna 2005. godine, i Dritsas protiv Italije (odluka), broj 2344/02, od 1. februara 2011. godine).

86. U slučaju N.D. i N.T. protiv Španije (navedeno gore, stav 201 i st. 209–11), Sud je postavio dvostepeni test kako bi utvrdio usklađenost sa članom 4. Protokola broj 4. u slučajevima kada pojedinci prelaze kopnenu granicu na nedozvoljen način i bivaju kolektivno proterani. Prvo, mora se uzeti u obzir da li je država obezbedila istinski i efikasan pristup sredstvima za legalan ulazak, posebno graničnim procedurama kako bi se svim licima koja se suočavaju sa progonom omogućilo da podnesu zahtev za zaštitu, na osnovu člana 3, pod uslovima koji osiguravaju da se zahtev obradi na način koji je u skladu sa međunarodnim normama, uključujući i Konvenciju. Drugo, u slučajevima kada je država obezbedila takav pristup, ali podnosilac predstavke ga nije iskoristio, mora se razmotriti da li su postojali ubedljivi razlozi da se to ne učini, a koji su zasnovani na objektivnim činjenicama za koje je država bila odgovorna. Odsustvo takvih ubedljivih razloga koji sprečavaju korišćenje ovih procedura moglo bi dovesti do toga da se to smatra posledicom sopstvenog ponašanja podnosilaca predstavke, što opravdava nedostatak individualne identifikacije.

87. Sud primećuje da su podnosioci ušli u Srbiju na neovlašćen način. Međutim, za razliku od slučaja N.D. i N.T. protiv Španije (naveden gore, st. 24 i 25) i drugih slučajeva u kojima je Sud primenio ovaj test (videti Shahzad protiv Mađarske, broj 12625/17, st. 8, 9 i 47, od 8. jula 2021. godine; M.H. i dr. protiv Hrvatske, br. 15670/18 i 43115/18, st. 7, 8 i stav 278, od 18. novembra 2021. godine; i A.A. i dr. protiv Severne Makedonije, broj 55798/16 i 4 dr, st. 8. i 9, od 5. aprila 2022. godine), podnosioci u ovom slučaju nisu proterani po hitnom postupku – ni odmah niti u roku od nekoliko sati nakon neovlašćenog ulaska ili pokušaja ulaska. Umesto toga, izvedeni su pred sud koji je uvažio njihove zahteve za dobijanje azila, naložio organima da olakšaju smeštaj podnosilaca i naredio izdavanje potvrda o nameri da se traži azil koje služe kao dozvole za privremeni boravak (videti gore navedeni stav 19). Naknadno proizvoljno udaljenje podnosilaca od strane policije nije bilo nikako povezano sa njihovim početnim neovlašćenim ulaskom na teritoriju Srbije. Vlada nije tvrdila da su podnosioci proterani po tom osnovu.

88. Na kraju, Sud primećuje da je Ustavni sud već utvrdio da su domaći organi proterali podnosioce bez prethodnog ispitivanja njihovog udaljenja na pojedinačnoj osnovi, što je povredilo zabranu kolektivnog proterivanja u odnosu na podnosioce (videti gore navedene st. 27–29). Sud nema razloga da se ne složi sa tom procenom.

89. Stoga Sud zaključuje da je došlo do povrede člana 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju.

V. NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 3. KONVENCIJE

90. Podnosioci su tvrdili da su bili izloženi nečovečnom i ponižavajućem postupanju usled uslova kojima su izloženi tokom njihovog zadržavanja i u Policijskoj stanici Gradina i u Prekršajnom sudu. Takođe su se prituživali da su prevezeni iz policijske stanice do suda u Pirotu, a potom do bugarske granice, u jednom kombiju u uslovima pretrpanosti. Pored toga, izrazili su zabrinutost zbog okolnosti koje su pratile njihovo proterivanje. Štaviše, podnosioci su tvrdili da srpske vlasti nisu procenili rizike od zlostavljanja u slučaju njihovog proterivanja u Bugarsku. Pozvali su se na član 3. Konvencije, koji glasi:

„Niko ne sme biti izložen mučenju ili nečovečnom ili ponižavajućem postupanju ili kažnjavanju.”

A. Navodna povreda materijalnog dela člana 3. Konvencije

1. Zadržavanje u Policijskoj stanici Gradina

91. Podnosioci su se prituživali da njihovo zadržavanje u Policijskoj stanici Gradina predstavlja postupanje koje krši član 3. Konvencije. Tvrdili su da su držani deset sati u prenatrpanim i nehigijenskim uslovima. Naveli su da su bili zadržani u trošnoj podrumskoj prostoriji površine 25 kvadratnih metara, koju su delili sa još 23 osobe, uključujući i ostale podnosioce koji su kasnije povukli svoje pritužbe (videti st. 59–65. gore) i druga lica koja su uhapšena u isto vreme (videti stav 5. gore). Podnosioci su naveli da je prostorija bila hladna, vlažna i slabo provetrena, sa samo jednim malim prozorom. Temperature su se tog dana kretale od -2°C do najviše 6°C. Podnosioci su se takođe prituživali na nedostatak higijene, neadekvatno osvetljenje i činjenicu da su muškarci, žene i deca bili zadržani zajedno. Dodali su da nisu bili obezbeđeni kreveti ni stolice, što ih je primoralo da sede na podu zaprljanom urinom i fekalijama, koristeći prljavu ćebad. Pored toga, navodno im je bio uskraćen pristup toaletu. Oslanjali su se na izveštaj NPM-a od 9. februara 2017. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 55).

(a) Dopuštenost

92. Sud napominje da ova pritužba nije očigledno neosnovana u smislu člana 35. stav 3 (a) Konvencije niti neprihvatljiva po bilo kom drugom osnovu. Stoga se mora proglasiti prihvatljivom.

(b) Osnovanost

(i) Podnesci stranaka

93. Podnosioci su ostali pri svojim pritužbama kako je gore detaljno navedeno.

94. Vlada je uglavnom odgovorila pozivajući se na obrazloženje Ustavnog suda (videti gore navedeni stav 37). Priznali su da su podnosioci bili držani u prenatrpanim i generalno lošim uslovima. Međutim, tvrdili su da te okolnosti nisu predstavljale kršenje člana 3. Konvencije. Naveli su nekoliko olakšavajućih okolnosti: značajan priliv ilegalnih migranata; ograničena finansijska sredstva Tužene koja su sprečila renoviranje pritvorskih objekata; kratko trajanje zadržavanja podnosilaca – ograničeno na vreme neophodno za njihovu identifikaciju; i pružanje osnovne pomoći kao što su hrana i odeća.

(ii) Procena Suda

(1) Relevantna načela

95. Opšti principi koji se primenjuju na postupanje sa ljudima koji se nalaze u imigracionom pritvoru utvrđeni su u slučaju Khlaifia i dr. protiv Italije ([VV], broj 16483/12, st. 158–69, od 15. decembra 2016. godine). Prilikom procene uslova pritvora, moraju se uzeti u obzir kumulativni efekti tih uslova, kao i konkretni navodi koje je izneo podnosilac predstavke. Posebno, dužina perioda tokom kojeg je podnosilac predstavke bio pritvoren u spornim uslovima biće glavni faktor (ibid., stav 163, i sudska praksa navedena u istom).

96. Što se tiče procene o preopterećenosti zatvorskih kapaciteta, Sud je razjasnio načela i standarde u predmetu Muršić protiv Hrvatske ([VV], broj 7334/13, st. 136–41, od 20. oktobra 2016. godine). Ukoliko lični prostor dostupan pritvoreniku padne ispod 3 kvadratna metra površine poda u smeštaju sa više osoba u zatvorima, nedostatak ličnog prostora se smatra toliko ozbiljnim da se postavlja jaka pretpostavka o kršenju člana 3. Pretpostavka se može osporiti posebno pokazivanjem da su kumulativni efekti drugih aspekata uslova pritvora nadoknadili oskudnu raspodelu ličnog prostora. U tom smislu, Sud uzima u obzir faktore kao što su dužina i obim ograničenja, stepen slobode kretanja i adekvatnost aktivnosti van ćelija, kao i da li su uslovi pritvora u određenom objektu generalno pristojni (ibid., st. 122–38).

97. U kontekstu kratkog imigracionog pritvora, Sud je primenio test kumulativnih efekata uslova pritvora (videti predmet Gruzija protiv Rusije (I) [VV], broj 13255/07, st. 192–205, ESLJP 2014 (izvodi) u kontekstu pritvora u policijskim stanicama i centrima za pritvor stranaca; i Khlaifia i dr, citiran gore, st. 158–69 i st. 187–201 u kontekstu pritvora u centrima za prihvat migranata).

98. U vezi sa standardom dokazivanja u slučajevima uslova pritvora, Sud se poziva na svoju dobro uspostavljenu sudsku praksu po tom pitanju (videti predmet Muršić, citiran gore, st. 127–28). Nakon što je dat verodostojan i razumno detaljan opis navodno ponižavajućih uslova pritvora, koji predstavljaju prima facie slučaj zlostavljanja, teret dokazivanja se prebacuje na tuženu Vladu koja jedina ima pristup informacijama koje mogu da potvrde ili opovrgnu ove navode. Od nje se posebno zahteva da prikupi i dostavi relevantna dokumenta i da detaljan izveštaj o uslovima pritvora podnosioca predstavke. Relevantne informacije od drugih međunarodnih tela, kao što je CPT, o uslovima pritvora, kao i od nadležnih domaćih organa i institucija, takođe treba da utiču na odluku Suda o tom pitanju.

(2) Primena navedenih načela na ovaj konkretan slučaj

99. Sud primećuje da Vlada nije osporila navode podnosilaca o uslovima njihovog zadržavanja u stanici granične policije Gradina, niti je osporila nalaze Zaštitnika građana od 9. februara 2017. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 55).

100. Na osnovu navedenog, Sud nalazi da su podnosioci, zajedno sa još dvadeset tri osobe, bili zadržani u podrumskoj prostoriji površine 25 kvadratnih metara. Shodno tome, svaka osoba je imala približno 1 kvadratni metar ličnog prostora. Taj lični prostor nije ispunjavao minimalni standard kako je utvrđeno u sudskoj praksi Suda (videti, mutatis mutandis, Muršić, naveden gore, stav 124). Stoga se postavlja pitanje da li su kumulativni efekti drugih aspekata uslova pritvora podnosilaca nadoknadili ovaj problem.

101. Sud nalazi da su podnosioci bili zadržani u neadekvatnim uslovima. Prostorija u kojoj su bili smešteni bila je prljava. Štaviše, nedostajao je toalet, pristup vodi za piće i adekvatno grejanje, a spoljne temperature u tom delu Srbije su se kretale od -2°C do 6°C 3. februara 2017. godine (videti st. 12 i 55 iznad). Nije bilo kreveta ni stolica. Međutim, Sud ne može da prihvati navod podnosilaca da nije bilo pristupa svežem vazduhu, jer je Zaštitnik građana utvrdio da je soba imala prozor. Sud takođe napominje da izveštaj Zaštitnika građana nije pomenuo nikakve probleme u vezi sa izvorom svetlosti u sobi. Sud napominje da su podnosioci dobijali hranu i odeću tokom zadržavanja (videti stav 12. iznad).

102. Vlada je tvrdila da se Srbija suočavala sa velikim prilivom ilegalnih migranata, što je otežalo vlastima da održe odgovarajuće uslove tokom policijskog zadržavanja. Dalje se osvrnula na finansijska ograničenja koja su sprečila renoviranje pritvorskih objekata.

103. U tom smislu, Sud ponavlja da, s obzirom na apsolutni karakter člana 3, sve veći priliv migranata ne može osloboditi državu njenih obaveza prema toj odredbi, koja zahteva da se licima lišenim slobode garantuju uslovi koji su kompatibilni sa poštovanjem njihovog ljudskog dostojanstva. Međutim, situacija izuzetnih teškoća sa kojom se suočavaju vlasti jedan je od faktora u proceni da li je došlo do kršenja tog člana u vezi sa uslovima u kojima se takve osobe drže u pritvoru, jer bi bilo neprimereno ispitati činjenice slučaja bez razmatranja opšteg konteksta u kojem su te činjenice nastale (videti predmet Khlaifia i dr., gore naveden, st. 184–85).

104. Ipak, Sud ne može da prihvati argument Vlade da su se srpske vlasti suočavale sa situacijom izuzetnih teškoća u obezbeđivanju odgovarajućih policijskih pritvorskih objekata za ilegalne migrante početkom 2017. godine. Vlada nije pružila nikakve dokaze koji bi pokazali da su se vlasti – posebno u Dimitrovgradu – suočile sa naglim povećanjem broja ilegalnih migranata u to vreme. Dostupni statistički podaci potvrđuju nagli pad broja novoregistrovanih tražilaca azila u 2016. godini u poređenju sa 2015. godinom, sa trendom pada koji se nastavio i u 2017. godini (videti gore navedeni stav 56). Iako je ukupan broj ilegalnih migranata koji su ušli u Srbiju svakako bio veći, podaci ukazuju da je vrhunac dolazaka migranata bio 2015. godine. Ove brojke potkrepljuju statistički podaci koje je Regionalni centar granične policije dostavio timovima Nacionalnog preventivnog mehanizma (videti gore navedene st. 52, 53, i 54; takođe uporediti sa predmetom S.F. i dr. protiv Bugarske, broj 8138/16, st. 91–92, od 7. decembra 2017. godine, te uporediti sa predmetom Khlaifia i dr., citiran gore, st. 179–80).

105. Ukoliko je Vlada tvrdila da su njena ograničena finansijska sredstva sprečila renoviranje prostorije u kojoj su podnosioci predstavke bili zadržani, Sud ponavlja da je dužnost Vlade da organizuje svoj sistem sprovođenja zakona na takav način da obezbedi poštovanje dostojanstva pritvorenika, bez obzira na bilo kakve finansijske poteškoće (videti, mutatis mutandis, Ananjev i dr. protiv Rusije, br. 42525/07 i 60800/08, stav 229, od 10. januara 2012. godine, i sudsku praksu navedenu u istom).

106. Sud primećuje da su podnosioci držani u gore opisanim uslovima kratko vreme, naime 10 sati. S obzirom na to kratko trajanje, Sud smatra da nije od posebnog značaja ispitivanje da li su podnosioci uživali dovoljnu slobodu kretanja van prostorije u kojoj su držani i da li su imali pristup odgovarajućim aktivnostima van te prostorije (videti predmet Muršić, naveden gore, st. 132–33).

107. Podnosioci su bili ilegalni migranti koji su nezvanično prešli granicu i nisu imali lična dokumenta. U tom kontekstu, policija je odlučila da ih zadrži, zajedno sa još 23 osobe, radi utvrđivanja njihovog identiteta i izvođenja pred Prekršajni sud. Uzimajući u obzir pravo država ugovornica da kontrolišu ulazak, boravak i udaljavanje stranaca (videti predmet N.D. i N.T. protiv Španije, naveden gore, stav 167, i sudsku praksu navedenu u istom), Sud smatra da se zadržavanje tokom 10 sati ne može smatrati nerazumno dugim za obavljanje tih zadataka.

108. Istovremeno, iako dužina perioda pritvora može biti relevantan faktor u proceni težine patnje ili poniženja koje je prouzrokovano pritvoreniku usled neadekvatnih uslova pritvora, relativna kratkoća takvog perioda sama po sebi ne može automatski isključiti postupanje na koje se isti pritužuje iz delokruga člana 3. Konvencije ako su drugi elementi dovoljni za uvršćavanje u delokrug te odredbe (videti predmet Muršić, naveden gore, stav 131, i sudsku praksu navedenu u istom).

109. U vezi s tim, Sud je ranije utvrdio povrede člana 3. Konvencije zbog uslova u kojima su podnosioci predstavke držani, uprkos relativno kratkom trajanju njihovog pritvora. U slučaju Brega protiv Moldavije (broj 52100/08, st. 39–43, od 20. aprila 2010. godine), podnosilac predstavke je držan 48 sati u hladnoj prostoriji bez posteljine. Nakon što je pretrpeo nesmrtonosno, ali bolno zdravstveno stanje, nije mu blagovremeno pružena medicinska pomoć. U predmetu Rahimi protiv Grčke (broj 8687/08, st. 63–86, od 5. aprila 2011. godine), podnosilac predstavke, maloletnik bez pratnje koji je u to vreme imao 15 godina, držan je dva dana u uslovima koji su bili toliko teški da su potkopavali samu suštinu ljudskog dostojanstva. U slučaju Fakailo (Safoka) i dr. protiv Francuske (broj 2871/11, st. 39–45, od 2. oktobra 2014. godine), podnosioci predstavke su dva dana držani u uslovima pretrpanosti (dvoje od njih je imalo nešto više od 2 kvadratna metra ličnog prostora, dok su troje podnosilaca imali manje od 1 kvadratnog metra). Štaviše, sobe nisu bile adekvatno osvetljene, a ventilacija je praktično bila nepostojeća. U slučaju T. i A. protiv Turske (broj 47146/11, st. 91–99, od 21. oktobra 2014. godine), lični prostor koji je bio dostupan prvoj podnositeljki predstavke tokom tri dana njenog pritvora bio je ograničen (između 2,3 i 1,23 kvadratna metra) i postojala je samo jedna sofa na razvlačenje na kojoj su zatvorenici naizmenično spavali.

110. Na kraju, Sud će se osvrnuti na pitanje pristupa toaletu tokom zadržavanja podnosilaca predstavke. Sud je prethodno ispitao, na osnovu člana 3. Konvencije, pritužbe koje se tiču podnosilaca koji su bili obavezni da obavljaju nuždu u ćelijama u kojima su bili zadržani bez toaleta (videti Danilczuk protiv Kipra, broj 21318/12, stav 59, od 3. aprila 2018. godine), ili koji nisu mogli da koriste toalet u privatnosti (videti Longin protiv Hrvatske, broj 49268/10, stav 60, od 6. novembra 2012. godine), i utvrdio da takve okolnosti, zajedno sa drugim faktorima, predstavljaju ponižavajuće postupanje. Međutim, u ovom slučaju, izveštaj Zaštitnika građana o prostoriji u kojoj su podnosioci bili zadržani ne ukazuje na tragove urina ili izmeta, niti je naznačeno da su se lica koja su tamo bila pritvorena prituživala da im je uskraćen pristup toaletu (videti gore navedeni stav 55). Iako je svestan da se poseta dogodila ubrzo nakon zadržavanja podnosilaca, Sud primećuje da su se drugi navodni nedostaci na koje su se podnosioci prituživali, kao što su problemi sa svežim vazduhom i svetlošću koji nisu mogli biti otklonjeni u međuvremenu, pokazali neosnovanim (videti stav 101. iznad). Štaviše, podnosioci se nisu prituživali da su bili obavezni da obavljaju nuždu pred drugim zadržanim licima. U svetlu navedenog, Sud zaključuje da ovi navodi nisu potkrepljeni.

111. Stoga se ovaj slučaj razlikuje od činjeničnog stanja gore pomenutih presuda prvenstveno zato što su podnosioci bili izloženi neadekvatnim uslovima zadržavanja tokom znatno kraćeg perioda (uključujući u odnosu na presudu Rahimi, jer podnosioci predstavke nisu bili maloletni). Uzimajući u obzir sve okolnosti ovog slučaja (videti Labita protiv Italije [VV], broj 26772/95, stav 120, ESLJP 2000-IV), Sud nalazi da trajanje i uticaj izloženosti podnosilaca tim uslovima nisu bili takvi da dostignu prag ozbiljnosti koji je potreban za primenu člana 3. Konvencije.

112. Iz toga sledi da nije bilo povrede člana 3. Konvencije u tom pogledu.

2. Lišenje slobode u Prekršajnom sudu u Pirotu

113. Podnosioci su se prituživali da su morali da sede i spavaju na podu tokom lišenja slobode u Prekršajnom sudu i dostavili su fotografije u tom smislu (videti gore navedeni stav 14).

114. Vlada je tvrdila da se „ne može apsolutno govoriti o uslovima koji su suprotni članu 3. Konvencije” u Prekršajnom sudu.

115. Strane ne osporavaju da su tokom prekršajnog postupka podnosioci bili držani pod okolnostima navedenim u gore navedenom stavu 14. Dalje je nesporno da su ostali u ili ispred suda nakon završetka tog postupka sve dok nisu smešteni u kombi radi njihovog proterivanja iz Srbije. Međutim, Sud primećuje da precizni uslovi njihovog lišenja slobode tokom perioda nakon obustave prekršajnog postupka i pre njihovog smeštaja u kombi ostaju nejasni (videti st. 19–21 iznad). Uzimajući u obzir materijal koji mu je predstavljen, Sud smatra da je utvrđeno da su podnosioci držani u hodniku Prekršajnog suda od približno 14.00 ili 14.30 do 22.30 dana 3. februara 2017. godine (videti gore navedene st. 13 i 15). Sud primećuje da su se u tom pogledu podnosioci prituživali samo na uslove lišenja slobode u hodniku Prekršajnog suda (videti st. 90 i 113 iznad). Stoga će se pozabaviti tom pritužbom.

116. Relevantna načela su navedena u gore navedenim st. 95, 97. i 98.

117. Podnosioci nisu imali pristup krevetima niti dovoljnom broju stolica ili klupa i bili su primorani da sede na podu. Međutim, nisu bili obavezni da provedu noć u sudu. Štaviše, iako su podnosioci bili lišeni slobode približno osam sati, ovaj period ne deluje preterano s obzirom na potrebu da Prekršajni sud sprovede i okonča postupak protiv 18 osoba, uključujući i podnosioce (videti stav 13 iznad). Na kraju, i što je najvažnije, podnosioci nisu tvrdili da su uslovi u sudu bili nehigijenski, da im je bio uskraćen pristup sanitarnim čvorovima ili da su postojali bilo kakvi drugi nedostaci u materijalnim uslovima njihovog pritvora.

118. U svetlu navedenog, Sud nalazi da uslovi pritvora podnosilaca u Prekršajnom sudu 3. februara 2017. godine nisu dostigli minimalni nivo ozbiljnosti dovoljan da bi se pritužba podvela pod član 3. Konvencije.

119. Shodno tome, ova pritužba je očigledno neosnovana i mora biti odbačena u skladu sa članom 35. st. 3(a) i 4. Konvencije.

3. Uslovi premeštaja podnosilaca do i od Prekršajnog suda u Pirotu.

120. Podnosioci su se prituživali da su uslovi njihovog prevoza do i od Prekršajnog suda bili nespojivi sa članom 3. Konvencije. Naveli su da su dva puta bili zatvoreni u jednom kombiju zajedno sa još 23 osobe i da je prevoz od suda u Pirotu do bugarske granice u tim uslovima trajao 1 sat i 30 minuta.

121. Vlada nije podnela nikakva zapažanja u vezi ove tačke.

122. U slučaju Tomov i dr. protiv Rusije (broj 18255/10 i 5 dr, st. 123–28, od 9. aprila 2019. godine), Sud je rezimirao načela koja se primenjuju na pritužbe u vezi sa nečovečnim ili ponižavajućim uslovima prevoza, kako je zaštićeno članom 3. Konvencije (citati i upućivanja su isključena):

„124. Sud ponavlja da se procena da li je došlo do povrede člana 3. ne može svesti na čisto numerički proračun prostora koji je dostupan pritvoreniku tokom transfera. Samo sveobuhvatan pristup konkretnim okolnostima slučaja može pružiti tačnu sliku stvarnosti za osobu koja se prevozi.

125. Ipak, Sud smatra da se jaka pretpostavka o povredi javlja kada se pritvorenici prevoze u prevoznim sredstvima koja nude manje od 0,5 kvadratnih metara prostora po osobi. Da li takvi skučeni uslovi proizilaze iz prekomernog broja pritvorenika koji se transportuju zajedno ili iz restriktivnog dizajna odeljaka nije bitno za analizu Suda, koja je usmerena na objektivne uslove prevoza kakvi su bili i njihov uticaj na podnosioce predstavke, a ne na njihove uzroke. Nizak plafon, posebno u kabinama za jednog zatvorenika, koji primorava zatvorenike da se saginju, može pogoršati fizičku patnju i umor. Neadekvatna zaštita od spoljašnjih temperatura, kada ćelije zatvorenika nisu dovoljno zagrejane ili provetrene, predstavljaju otežavajuću okolnost.

126. Snažna pretpostavka o povredi člana 3. može se osporiti samo u slučaju kratkog ili povremenog premeštaja. Nasuprot tome, štetni efekti prenatrpanosti moraju se shvatiti kao rastući sa dužim trajanjem i većom učestalošću premeštaja, što čini argument podnosioca predstavke o povredi jačim.

127. Što se tiče dužih putovanja, kao što su ona koja uključuju noćna putovanja šinskim prevozom, pristup Suda biće sličan onom koji se primenjuje na pritvor u stacionarnim objektima u periodu uporedivog trajanja. Iako se ograničen prostor može tolerisati zbog višeslojnih kreveta na sprat, bilo bi nespojivo sa članom 3. ako bi zatvorenici izgubili noćni san zbog nedovoljnog broja mesta za spavanje ili na drugi način neadekvatnih uslova za spavanje. Faktori kao što su neuspeh u organizovanju individualnog mesta za spavanje za svakog pritvorenika ili u obezbeđivanju adekvatne količine vode za piće i hrane ili pristupa toaletu ozbiljno pogoršavaju situaciju zatvorenika tokom premeštaja i ukazuju na kršenje člana 3.

128. Na kraju, Sud bi naglasio važnost uloge CPT-a u praćenju uslova premeštaja i standarda koje je razvio u tu svrhu. Prilikom odlučivanja o slučajevima koji se tiču uslova premeštaja, Sud će ostati pažljiv na te standarde i na poštovanje istih od strane država ugovornica.”

123. Vraćajući se na ovaj slučaj, Sud primećuje da Vlada nije osporila navode podnosilaca u vezi sa uslovima njihovog premeštaja do i od Prekršajnog suda. Stoga prihvata kao utvrđeno da su podnosioci u dva navrata prevezeni policijskim kombijem zajedno sa još 23 osobe i da je drugi premeštaj trajao približno 1 sat i 30 minuta (videti gore navedeni stav 21). Što se tiče prvog premeštaja – od stanice granične policije Gradina do Prekršajnog suda – njegovo tačno trajanje ostaje nejasno. Teško da je mogao trajati duže od 1 sata i 30 minuta s obzirom na blizinu lokacija (videti gore navedeni stav 13).

124. Dimenzije kombija koji je korišćen za premeštaje nisu poznate, jer podnosioci nisu dali nikakve detalje u tom pogledu, a Vlada nije podnela nikakve dokaze. Shodno tome, Sud ne može sa sigurnošću utvrditi lični prostor koji je svakom podnosiocu bio dostupan tokom premeštaja. Podnosioci nisu tvrdili da nisu mogli da stoje, niti su se prituživali na neadekvatno osvetljenje, ventilaciju ili grejanje u vozilu (za razliku od Vlasov protiv Rusije, broj 78146/01, stav 94, od 12. juna 2008. godine i Idalov protiv Rusije [VV], broj 5826/03, stav 103, od 22. maja 2012. godine).

125. Sud dalje primećuje da su podnosioci prevezeni samo dva puta i da ukupno trajanje premeštaja nije prelazilo tri sata. Čak i pod pretpostavkom da su uslovi bili skučeni (videti stav 124 iznad), situacija se razlikuje od slučajeva u kojima je Sud utvrdio povredu člana 3. zbog ponovljenih premeštaja u uslovima pretrpanosti, ponekad brojeći desetine ili čak stotine (videti predmet Tomov i dr, naveden gore, st. 117 i 119). Nasuprot tome, Sud je utvrdio da minimalni prag ozbiljnosti nije dostignut kada je podnosilac predstavke podvrgnut takvim uslovima samo tokom dva 30-minutna premeštaja (videti Seleznev protiv Rusije, broj 15591/03, stav 59, od 26. juna 2008. godine). Ovaj slučaj treba uporediti i sa predmetom Akkad protiv Turske (broj 1557/19, st. 113–15, od 21. juna 2022. godine), gde je Sud utvrdio povredu člana 3. zbog, između ostalog, dvadesetočasovnog premeštaja podnosioca predstavke sa lisicama, kao i predmetom A.E. i T.B. protiv Italije (broj 18911/17 i 2 dr, st. 85–90, od 16. novembra 2023. godine), gde je utvrđena povreda u vezi, između ostalog, dva duga autobuska prevoza imigranata u roku od nekoliko dana po vrućim vremenskim uslovima.

126. U svetlu navedenog, Sud zaključuje da teškoće koje su podnosioci pretrpeli tokom svojih premeštaja 3. i 4. februara 2017. godine nisu dostigle minimalni nivo ozbiljnosti potreban da bi se pritužba podvela pod član 3. Konvencije.

127. Shodno tome, ova pritužba je očigledno neosnovana i mora biti odbačena u skladu sa članom 35. st. 3(a) i 4. Konvencije.

4. Način udaljenja podnosilaca iz Srbije i okolnosti s tim u vezi

128. Pozivajući se na član 3. Konvencije, podnosioci su tvrdili da je njihovo udaljenje iz Srbije sprovedeno na način koji predstavlja nečovečno i ponižavajuće postupanje. Tvrdili su da su vlasti izvršile proterivanje tokom noći, na niskim temperaturama, i da je uključivalo upotrebu prekomerne fizičke sile. Štaviše, naveli su da je čin njihovog ostavljanja da provedu noć u šumi u tako teškim vremenskim uslovima dodatno doprinelo ozbiljnosti postupanja, čineći ga nespojivim sa standardima člana 3. Konvencije.

129. Sud primećuje da je Ustavni sud, u svojoj odluci od 29. decembra 2020. godine, utvrdio da su podnosioci udaljeni iz Srbije tokom izuzetno hladne noći 4. februara 2017. godine i da je to predstavljalo nečovečno postupanje (videti gore navedeni stav 29).

130. Vlada se pozvala na gore pomenuti nalaz Ustavnog suda.

131. Sud je već presudio da podnosioci i dalje mogu tvrditi da su žrtve u vezi sa ovom pritužbom zbog nedovoljne nadoknade koju je dodelio Ustavni sud (videti st. 66–74. iznad).

132. Ova pritužba nije očigledno neosnovana u smislu člana 35. stav 3 (a) Konvencije niti neprihvatljiva po bilo kom drugom osnovu. Stoga se mora proglasiti prihvatljivom.

133. Što se tiče suštine slučaja, Sud ne vidi osnova da odstupi od nalaza Ustavnog suda.

134. U svetlu navedenog, Sud nalazi da je u vezi sa tim došlo do povrede člana 3. Konvencije.

B. Navodna povreda procesnog dela člana 3. Konvencije

135. Podnosioci su se prituživali na osnovu člana 3. Konvencije da su proterani u Bugarsku bez ikakve procene posledica njihovog udaljenja u pogledu zabrane sadržane u toj odredbi, suprotno načelu zabrane proterivanja ili vraćanja. Tvrdili su da je njihovo udaljenje iz Srbije sprovedeno bez ikakve procene rizika od zlostavljanja u Bugarskoj. Tvrdili su da su vlasti znale, odnosno da je trebalo da znaju, za nedostatke u pristupu postupcima azila u Bugarskoj. Štaviše, državni organi nisu uzeli u obzir materijalne uslove u prijemnim i azilnim centrima u Bugarskoj pre nego što su ih udaljili sa teritorije Srbije. Odsustvo bilo kakve koordinisane akcije između vlasti u vezi sa njihovim proterivanjem pogoršalo je te rizike. Na kraju, podnosioci su tvrdili da im je uskraćen pristup postupku azila u Srbiji.

1. Dopuštenost

136. Vlada je prihvatila da je policija proizvoljno proterala podnosioce iz Srbije i pozvala se na nalaze Ustavnog suda da je proterivanje podnosilaca nečovečno postupanje (videti gore navedeni stav 29).

137. Podnosioci su tvrdili da vlasti nisu priznale povredu Konvencije u tom pogledu.

138. Ukoliko se gore navedeno može shvatiti kao prigovor Vlade da podnosioci više ne mogu tvrditi da su žrtve povrede člana 3. Konvencije u vezi sa pritužbama navedenim u gore navedenom stavu 135, Sud primećuje da je već utvrdio da oni zadržavaju svoj status žrtve u pogledu svih pritužbi u vezi sa kojima je Ustavni sud utvrdio povredu zbog nedovoljne nadoknade koju su dobili (videti st. 66–74. iznad).

139. Međutim, Sud smatra važnim dodati da, po njegovom mišljenju, Ustavni sud nije utvrdio povredu člana 25. Ustava na osnovu toga što državni organi nisu procenili posledice udaljenja podnosilaca po njihova prava prema članu 3. Konvencije. Umesto toga, Ustavni sud je utvrdio povredu člana 25. zbog načina na koji su podnosioci proterani – naime, konkretnih fizičkih činova udaljenja i okolnosti u kojima se to dogodilo – u vezi sa kojima je ovaj Sud već utvrdio povredu člana 3. Konvencije (videti st. 128–134 iznad). Iako se Ustavni sud pozvao na sudsku praksu ovog Suda u vezi sa obavezama država ugovornica prilikom proterivanja stranaca u treće zemlje bez suštinskog ispitivanja njihovih zahteva za azil, zaključio je, nakon što je utvrdio povredu člana 25. i člana 39. stav 3. Ustava, da nema potrebe da se bavi ovim aspektom slučaja (videti gore navedeni stav 29). Shodno tome, Sud zaključuje da domaći organi nisu priznali povredu Konvencije u tom pogledu (videti gore navedeni stav 70. i sudsku praksu navedenu u istom).

140. Sud isto tako napominje da ova pritužba nije očigledno neosnovana u smislu člana 35. stav 3 (a) Konvencije niti neprihvatljiva po bilo kom drugom osnovu. Stoga se mora proglasiti prihvatljivom.

2. Osnovanost

(a) Podnesci stranaka

141. Podnosioci su ostali pri svojim gore navedenim pritužbama.

142. Vlada je tvrdila da podnosiocima nije uskraćena mogućnost traženja azila u Srbiji, što dokazuje i odluka Prekršajnog suda.

(b) Procena Suda

143. Sud je dosledno priznavao važnost načela zabrane proterivanja i vraćanja (videti, na primer, M.S.S. protiv Belgije i Grčke [VV], broj 30696/09, stav 286, ESLJP 2011, i M.A. protiv Kipra, broj 41872/10, stav 133, ESLJP 2013 (izvodi)). Ponavlja da proterivanje stranca od strane države ugovornice može dovesti do problema po članu 3, i stoga povući odgovornost te države po Konvenciji, kada su uočeni suštinski razlozi za stav da bi se dotično lice, u slučaju deportacije, suočilo sa stvarnim rizikom postupanja kojim se krši član 3. u zemlji odredišta (videti O.M. i D.S. protiv Ukrajine, broj 18603/12, stav 81, od 15. septembra 2022. godine). Sud je naveo da kada država ugovornica želi da deportuje tražioca azila u treću zemlju bez ispitivanja zahteva za azil u meritumu, glavno pitanje pred vlastima koje ga proteruju jeste da li će pojedinac imati pristup odgovarajućem postupku za azil u toj trećoj zemlji (videti Ilias i Ahmed protiv Mađarske [VV], broj 47287/15, stav 131, od 21. novembra 2019. godine).

144. Dalja relevantna načela u pogledu procesne obaveze države koja ga proteruje prema članu 3. Konvencije u slučajevima deportacije tražioca azila u treću zemlju bez ispitivanja zahteva za azil su suštinski rezimirani u predmetu Ilias i Ahmed (naveden gore, st. 124–41).

145. U ovom slučaju, Sud je utvrdio u kontekstu člana 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju da su srpske vlasti proterale podnosioce u Bugarsku (videti stav 88. iznad). Sud primećuje da su podnosioci izrazili želju da podnesu zahtev za azil u Srbiji i da ih je Prekršajni sud priznao kao tražioce azila i uručio im potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil (videti gore navedene st. 15, 16. i 19). Sud primećuje da udaljenje podnosilaca predstavke iz Srbije nije imalo nikakve veze sa razmatranjem njihovih zahteva za azil i da su ih državni organi proterali bez poštovanja bilo kakve zakonske procedure i bez sprovođenja procene njihovih zahteva za azil u meritumu. Stoga je zadatak Suda da ispita da li je proterivanje podnosilaca u Bugarsku bilo kompatibilno sa procesnim obavezama tužene države prema članu 3. Konvencije (videti, mutatis mutandis, predmet H.Q. i dr. protiv Mađarske, naveden gore, stav 135).

146. U tom smislu, Sud ponavlja da je u svim slučajevima proterivanja tražioca azila iz države ugovornice u treću zemlju bez suštinskog ispitivanja zahteva za azil, bez obzira na to da li u pitanju treća zemlja država potpisnica Konvencije, dužnost države koja ga/nju proteruje je da temeljno ispita pitanje da li postoji stvarni rizik da tražiocu azila u toj trećoj zemlji bude uskraćen pristup adekvatnom postupku za azil koji ga/nju štiti od proterivanja ili vraćanja. Ako se utvrdi da postojeće garancije u tom pogledu nisu dovoljne, član 3. podrazumeva dužnost da tražilac azila ne treba da bude udaljen u dotičnu treću zemlju (ibid., stav 136).

147. U ovom slučaju, Vlada nije tvrdila da je Bugarska bila bezbedna treća zemlja. Štaviše, ništa u predmetu pred Sudom ne ukazuje na to da je proterivanje podnosilaca predstavke zasnovano na bilo kakvoj proceni pristupa postupku azila u Bugarskoj i adekvatnosti tog postupka, uprkos činjenici da su podnosioci izričito tvrdili pred Prekršajnim sudom da ne smatraju Bugarsku bezbednom zemljom (videti gore navedeni stav 16). Štaviše, tajni način na koji su podnosioci proterani lišio ih je svake mogućnosti da potkrepe svoje tvrdnje pred telom nadležnim za razmatranje njihovih zahteva za azil. U svakom slučaju, srpske vlasti su bile u obavezi da, po sopstvenom nahođenju, sprovedu ažuriranu procenu pristupačnosti i funkcionisanja sistema azila zemlje prijema i zaštitnih mera koje on pruža u praksi (videti predmet Ilias i Ahmed, gore naveden, stav 141).

148. Uzimajući u obzir gore navedeno, Sud zaključuje da Tužena država nije ispunila svoju procesnu obavezu prema članu 3. Konvencije da ispita da li bi podnosioci imali pristup adekvatnom postupku azila u Bugarskoj. Stoga nije potrebno da Sud ispituje da li je član 3. prekršen na osnovu dodatnih razloga na koje se pozivaju podnosioci (videti gore naveden stav 135 i predmet H.Q. i dr. protiv Mađarske, naveden gore, stav 141).

149. Shodno tome, došlo je do povrede člana 3. Konvencije u njegovom procesnom delu u vezi sa propustom Tužene države da ispita da li bi podnosioci imali pristup odgovarajućem postupku za azil u Bugarskoj.

VI. NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 5. ST. 1, 2. i 4. KONVENCIJE

150. Pozivajući se na član 5. st. 1, 2. i 4, podnosioci su se prituživali da je njihovo zadržavanje bilo nezakonito i proizvoljno; da nisu bez odlaganja obavešteni, na jeziku koji razumeju, o razlozima lišenja slobode i optužbama protiv njih; i da nisu bili u mogućnosti da ospore zakonitost svog lišenja slobode pred nadležnim sudskim organom. Relevantni delovi člana 5. godine Konvencije glase, kao što sledi:

„1. Svako ima pravo na slobodu i bezbednost ličnosti. Niko ne može biti lišen slobode osim u sledećim slučajevima i po postupku propisanom zakonom:

...

v) zakonito hapšenje ili pritvor lica radi njegovog izvođenja pred nadležni sudski organ zbog osnovane sumnje da je počinilo krivično delo ili kada se osnovano smatra da je to neophodno da bi se sprečilo izvršenje krivičnog dela ili bekstvo istog nakon što je navedeno učinjeno;

...

(đ) zakonito hapšenje ili pritvaranje osobe kako bi se sprečio njegov neovlašćeni ulazak u zemlju ili lica protiv koga se preduzimaju radnje u cilju deportacije ili ekstradicije.

2. Svako ko je uhapšen biće odmah obavešten, na jeziku koji razume, o razlozima hapšenja i svakoj optužbi protiv njega/nje.

...

4. Svako ko je lišen slobode hapšenjem ili pritvorom ima pravo da pokrene postupak u kojem će sud brzo odlučiti o zakonitosti njegovog/njenog pritvora i naložiti njegovo/njeno puštanje na slobodu ako pritvor nije zakonit.

A. Dopuštenost

1. Postojanje lišenja slobode i njegovo trajanje

151. Sud ponavlja da, utvrđujući „pravo na slobodu”, stav 1. člana 5. razmatra fizičku slobodu pojedinca. Shodno tome, on se ne bavi pukim ograničenjima slobode kretanja, koja su regulisana članom 2. Protokola broj 4, u vezi sa licima koja se zakonito nalaze na teritoriji te države. Da bi se utvrdilo da li je neko „lišen slobode” u smislu člana 5, polazna tačka mora biti njegova ili njena specifična situacija, i mora se uzeti u obzir čitav niz faktora kao što su vrsta, trajanje, efekti i način sprovođenja predmetne mere. Razlika između lišavanja i ograničenja slobode je u stepenu ili intenzitetu, a ne u prirodi ili suštini (videti predmet Ilias i Ahmed,, gore naveden, st. 211–12, i Z.A. i dr. protiv Rusije [VV], broj 61411/15 i 3 dr, st. 133–34, od 21. novembra 2019. godine). Sud ponavlja svoju ustaljenu sudsku praksu u smislu da se član 5. stav 1. može primeniti i na lišavanja slobode veoma kratkog trajanja (videti, između mnogih izvora, M.A. protiv Kipra, gore naveden, stav 190).

152. Podnosioci su naveli da su lišeni slobode od 00.15 časova 3. februara 2017. do između 02.30 i 03.00 časa 4. februara 2017. godine. Vlada je, s druge strane, tvrdila da su podnosioci bili pritvoreni između 00:15 časova 3. februara 2017. godine i 00.45 časova 4. februara 2017. godine, kada su im uručene potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil. U vezi s tim, Sud primećuje da je Ustavni sud smatrao da su podnosioci lišeni slobode od trenutka hapšenja do obustave prekršajnog postupka protiv njih u 22.30 časa 3. februara 2017. godine (videti st. 35. i 15. iznad).

153. Podnosioci su uhapšeni u 00.15 časova 3. februara 2017. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 5). Prema rešenjima o zadržavanju koje je izdala policija, zadržavanje podnosilaca nakon lišenja slobode i do njihovog prebacivanja u Prekršajni sud trajalo je do 14.30 časova 3. februara 2017. godine (videti gore navedeni stav 13).

154. Naknadni period zadržavanja, koji je trajao od dolaska podnosilaca u Prekršajni sud do obustave prekršajnog postupka u 22:30 3. februara 2017. godine, nije bio obuhvaćen nijednim rešenjem o pritvoru koje su izdale domaće vlasti. Međutim, nije sporno da su podnosioci lišeni slobode tokom tog postupka, jer bi policija sprečila svaki pokušaj da odu, držeći ih pod stalnim nadzorom (videti gore navedeni stav 14).

155. Na kraju, što se tiče perioda nakon završetka prekršajnog postupka, moglo bi se tvrditi da podnosioci nisu formalno lišeni slobode. Priznati su kao tražioci azila u Srbiji, naloženo im je da se jave u prihvatni centar i dozvoljeno im je da borave u Srbiji tokom postupka za azil (videti gore navedeni stav 19). Štaviše, razlozi za njihovo hapšenje i zadržavanje (utvrđivanje prekršajnih optužbi protiv njih) su prestali da postoje.

156. Međutim, Sud ocenjuje da bi izvođenje takvog zaključka bilo suviše daleko od posebnih okolnosti konkretnog predmeta. Sud primećuje da je Prekršajni sud, prilikom obustavljanja postupka protiv podnosilaca, naložio policajcima Policijske stanice Gradina „da preko Komesarijata za izbeglice [i migracije] u Dimitrovgradu obezbede smeštaj migranata”. Podnosioci su potom predati policiji (videti st. 17. i 19. iznad). Čini se da su podnosioci postali svesni da im takav smeštaj neće biti obezbeđen tek kada su izašli iz kombija na bugarskoj granici i bili proterani iz Srbije (videti gore navedene st. 20. i 21).

157. U svetlu navedenog, i suprotno argumentu Vlade da je pritvor podnosilaca završen u 00.45 dana 4. februara kada su im uručene potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil (videti stav 152. iznad), Sud smatra da su podnosioci bili lišeni slobode do trenutka njihovog proterivanja iz Srbije. U tom pogledu je nebitno da li ih je policija fizički sprečila da odu nakon što su dobili potvrde ili su stekli lažni utisak, koji su stvorile vlasti, da će im biti obezbeđen smeštaj i transport tamo, i da će ostvariti druga prava tražilaca azila.

158. Shodno tome, Sud prihvata tvrdnju podnosilaca da su lišeni slobode od 00.15 časova 3. februara 2017. (kada su uhapšeni) do između 02.30 i 03.00 časa 4. februara 2017. godine (kada su proterani iz Srbije) i utvrđuje da je član 5. Konvencije primenljiv.

2. Status žrtve podnosilaca predstavke

159. U svojoj odluci od 29. decembra 2020. godine, Ustavni sud je utvrdio da je, s obzirom na posebne okolnosti podnosilaca, propust policije da im obezbedi advokata efektivno lišio podnosioce mogućnosti da ospore zakonitost svog zadržavanja (videti gore navedene st. 30 i 31). Ipak, Sud je utvrdio da ovaj nalaz nije lišio podnosioce statusa žrtve u vezi sa ovom pritužbom (videti gore navedene st. 66–74).

3. Zaključak

160. Sud napominje da pritužbe podnosilaca nisu očigledno neosnovane u smislu člana 35. stav 3(a) Konvencije ili neprihvatljive po bilo kom drugom osnovu. Stoga se moraju proglasiti prihvatljivim.

B. Osnovanost

1. Podnesci stranaka

(a) Podnosioci predstavke

161. Podnosioci predstavke su se prituživali da je njihovo zadržavanje bilo nezakonito jer državni organi nisu poštovali zahteve koji proističu iz Zakona o policiji i Zakona o prekršajima. Dalje su tvrdili da je njihovo zadržavanje bilo proizvoljno i da im nije bilo dozvoljeno da obaveste treća lica o tome gde se nalaze , da kontaktiraju advokata ili da dobiju medicinsku pomoć. Pored toga, prituživali su se da ih policija nije obavestila o mogućnosti traženja azila. Podnosioci su napomenuli da je prekršajni postupak pokrenut protiv njih na kraju obustavljen zbog njihovih zahteva za dobijanje azila, što je, po njihovom mišljenju, njihov pritvor učinilo neopravdanim.

162. Podnosioci su se takođe prituživali da nisu bez odlaganja obavešteni, na jeziku koji razumeju, o razlozima lišenja slobode i optužbama protiv njih, jer im je sadržaj rešenja o zadržavanju i obrazac u kojem su navedena prava zadržanih lica saopšten na engleskom jeziku, koji nisu razumeli.

163. Na kraju, podnosioci su se priuživali da su lišeni prava da ospore zakonitost svog zadržavanja pred nadležnim sudskim organom.

(b) Vlada

164. Vlada je naglasila svoje pravo da kontroliše ulazak, boravak i proterivanje stranaca sa svoje teritorije i navela da su podnosioci uhapšeni zbog počinjenog prekršaja iz člana 65. Zakona o zaštiti državne granice (videti gore navedeni stav 49) i radi utvrđivanja njihovog identiteta, u skladu sa članom 190. stav 1. tačka (a) i stav 3. Zakona o prekršajima i članom 86. Zakona o policiji (videti gore navedene st. 46 i 48). Vlada je tvrdila da je policija postupala u okviru svojih ovlašćenja i u skladu sa postupkom propisanim zakonom. Dalje je navela da je zadržavanje trajalo najkraće moguće vreme kako bi se identifikovali podnosioci, okončao prekršajni postupak protiv njih i uručile potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil. Što se tiče tvrdnje podnosilaca da je obustavljanje prekršajnog postupka protiv njih učinilo prethodno zadržavanje neopravdanim, Vlada je tvrdila da su u vreme njihovog lišenja slobode postojali zakonom propisani razlozi koji su opravdavali njihovo zadržavanje.

165. Vlada je dalje navela da su podnosioci bez odlaganja obavešteni, na jeziku koji razumeju, o razlozima za njihovo lišenje slobode i optužbama protiv njih, jer je prevodilac za farsi jezik, gospodin P.J., bio prisutan u Policijskoj stanici Gradina, te im je pomagao u komunikaciji sa policajcima. Isto je tako tvrdila da su podnosioci bili svesni da su ilegalno prešli granicu, što je nesumnjivo predstavljalo kažnjivo delo.

166. Što se tiče pritužbe podnosilaca da nisu imali mogućnost da ospore zakonitost svog zadržavanja, Vlada je tvrdila da Zakon o prekršajima propisuje takav pravni lek (videti gore navedeni stav 46) i da su rešenja o zadržavanju protiv podnosilaca sadržala te informacije (videti stav 9 iznad). Vlada je prihvatila da je Ustavni sud utvrdio povredu prava podnosilaca prema članu 27. stav 3. i članu 29. stav 1. Ustava. Međutim, Vlada je tvrdila da je Ustavni sud utvrdio tu povredu samo zato što policija nije obezbedila podnosiocima advokata i da presuda nije imala nikakvog uticaja na njihova prava prema članu 5. stav 4. Konvencije.

2. Procena Suda

(a) Relevantna načela

167. Relevantni principi koji se odnose na član 5. stav 1. Konvencije navedeni su u predmetima S., V. i A. protiv Danske ([VV], broj 35553/12 i 2 dr, st. 73–77, od 22. oktobra 2018. godine), i Denis i Irvine protiv Belgije ([VV], br. 62819/17 i 63921/17, st. 123-32, od 1. juna 2021. godine).

168. Posebno, tač. a) do f) člana 5. stav 1. Konvencije sadrže iscrpan spisak dozvoljenih osnova za lišenje slobode, i nijedno lišenje slobode neće biti zakonito ukoliko ne spada u jedan od tih osnova (videti predmet Denis i Irvine, gore naveden, stav 124).

169. Svako lišavanje slobode mora, pored toga što spada u jedan od izuzetaka navedenih u tač. (a) do (f) člana 5. stav 1, biti „zakonito”. Kada je u pitanju „zakonitost” pritvora, uključujući pitanje da li je poštovan „zakonom propisan postupak”, Konvencija se u suštini poziva na domaće pravo i utvrđuje obavezu poštovanja materijalnih i procesnih pravila tog prava (ibid., stav 125).

170. Pored toga što je u skladu sa domaćim pravom, član 5. stav 1. zahteva da svako lišavanje slobode bude u skladu sa ciljem zaštite pojedinca od proizvoljnosti (videti, između ostalih, Rooman protiv Belgije [VV], broj 18052/11, stav 190, od 31. januara 2019. godine, i Denis i Irvine, predmet gore naveden, stav 129). Relevantni principi koji se tiču pojma proizvoljnog pritvora u kontekstu člana 5. rezimirani su u predmetima Saadi protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva ([VV], broj 13229/03, st. 67–74, ESLJP 2008), James, Wells i Lee protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (br. 25119/09, 57715/09 i 57877/09, st. 191–95, od 18. septembra 2012. godine) i Denis i Irvine (naveden gore, st. 129–32). Jedno opšte načelo utvrđeno u sudskoj praksi je da će pritvor biti „proizvoljan” tamo gde, uprkos poštovanju slova domaćeg prava, postoji element loše vere ili obmane od strane vlasti ili gde su vlasti propustile da pravilno primene relevantno zakonodavstvo (videti predmet S., V. i A. protiv Danske, naveden gore, stav 76, sa daljim upućivanjem).

171. Stav 2. člana 5. utvrđuje osnovnu zaštitu: svako lice koje je uhapšeno treba da zna zašto je lišeno slobode. Ova odredba je sastavni deo sistema zaštite koji pruža član 5: svakom uhapšenom licu se moraju, jednostavnim, nestručnim jezikom koji razume, saopštiti osnovni pravni i činjenični razlozi za njegovo/njeno lišavanje slobode, kako bi moglo da se obrati sudu radi osporavanja zakonitosti u skladu sa stavom 4. Iako ove informacije moraju biti saopštene „odmah”, službenik koji vrši hapšenje ne mora ih u potpunosti preneti u samom trenutku hapšenja. Da li su sadržaj i brzina saopštenih informacija bili dovoljni procenjuje se u svakom slučaju prema njegovim posebnim karakteristikama (videti predmet Khlaifia i dr., gore naveden, stav 115. i upućivanja u okviru istog).

172. Što se tiče pravnog leka iz člana 5. stav 4, on mora biti dovoljno siguran, ne samo u teoriji već i u praksi, u suprotnom neće imati potrebnu dostupnost i efikasnost (ibid., stav 130).

(b) Primena navedenih načela na ovaj konkretan slučaj

(i) Navodna povreda člana 5. stav 1. Konvencije

173. Sud primećuje da je Vlada tvrdila, a materijal koji joj je predstavljen pokazuje (videti gore navedene st. 8 i 35), da su podnosioci lišeni slobode u toku prekršajnog postupka zbog nezakonitog prelaska granice kako bi se utvrdio njihov identitet i izveli pred Prekršajni sud. Sud stoga zaključuje da su podnosioci lišeni slobode iz razloga koji potpadaju ili pod član 5. stav. 1(c) ili član 5. stav 1.(f) Konvencije.

174. Međutim, Sud nalazi da je lišenje slobode podnosilaca nakon završetka prekršajnog postupka bilo potpuno nepovezano sa razlozima za lišenje slobode koje je iznela Vlada (videti gore navedene st. 155–157). Štaviše, Vlada se nije pozvala ni na jednu domaću odredbu koja bi mogla poslužiti kao alternativni razlog za lišenje slobode za taj period.

175. Nakon što je prekršajni postupak završen, produženo lišenje slobode podnosilaca nije imalo nikakve veze sa tim postupkom. Podnosioci su lišeni slobode dok su čekali da im se uruče potvrde o izraženoj nameri da se traži azil do 00:45 časova 4. februara 2017. godine. Nakon što su ih primili, pod lažnim utiskom koji su vlasti stvorile da će ih policija odvesti u jedan od centara za prijem azilanata, podnosioci su odvezeni do granice i prisilno proterani iz Srbije (videti st. 157. i 158. iznad).

176. Ovo je dovoljno da Sud zaključi da je lišenje slobode podnosilaca od 22.30 časova 3. februara 2017. godine do između 02.30 i 03.00 časa 4. februara 2017. godine bilo nezakonito i proizvoljno jer taj period lišenja slobode nije imao osnov u domaćem pravu, a podnosioci su lišeni slobode na obmanjujući način.

177. U svetlu navedenog, Sud smatra da nije potrebno da odlučuje o poštovanju člana 5. stav 1. Konvencije u vezi sa periodom zadržavanja podnosilaca od njihovog hapšenja do obustave prekršajnog postupka (videti gore navedene st. 153. i 154). Iz istih razloga, Sud smatra da nije potrebno ispitivati da li je član 5. stav 1. prekršen na osnovu dodatnih osnova na koje se podnosioci pozivaju (videti stav 161. iznad).

178. Shodno tome, Sud smatra da je došlo do povrede člana 5. stav 1. Konvencije u pogledu lišenja slobode podnosilaca od 22.30 časova 3. februara 2017. do između 2.30 i 3.00 časa ujutru 4. februara 2017. godine.

(ii) Navodna povreda člana 5. stav 2. Konvencije

179. Nesporno je između strana da su državni organi podnosiocima uručili rešenja o zadržavanju u kojima su navedeni razlozi za njihovo hapšenje i optužbe protiv njih (videti gore navedene st. 8 i 9). Podnosioci nisu tvrdili da te informacije nisu dostavljene „bez odlaganja”. Jedino sporno pitanje je da li su podnosioci bili u stanju da razumeju te informacije.

180. Podnosioci su tvrdili da je sadržaj rešenja o zadržavanju sastavljen na srpskoj ćirilici njima preveden na engleski jezik, jezik koji nisu razumeli. Vlada nije osporila da podnosioci nisu poznavali engleski jezik, ali je tvrdila da je prevodilac za farsi bio prisutan u policijskoj stanici Gradina 3. februara 2017. godine.

181. Na samom početku, Sud napominje da su i rešenja o zadržavanju i prateći obrasci o pravima pritvorenih lica sastavljeni na srpskoj ćirilici. Ti dokumenti ukazuju na to da je njihov sadržaj preveden za podnosioce na engleski jezik, čime su oni obavešteni o njihovoj suštini.

182. Međutim, Sud nije ubeđen tvrdnjom podnosilaca da su im te informacije dostavljene isključivo na engleskom jeziku.

183. Prvo, Sud prihvata tvrdnju Vlade da je prevodilac za farsi jezik bio prisutan u Policijskoj stanici Gradina u ranim jutarnjim satima 3. februara 2017. godine. Iako su podnosioci izjavili da prevodilac za farsi jezik, gospodin P.J., nije bio u Policijskoj stanici Gradina u to vreme i da je stigao kasnije, Sud primećuje da su podnosioci, koje su zastupali advokati iz BCLJP-a, dali drugačiju izjavu pred Ustavnim sudom (videti gore navedene st. 26. i 30). Štaviše, izveštaj BCLJP-a ukazuje da je policija zamolila gospodina P.J. da ode u Policijsku stanicu Gradina kako bi pomogao policajcima u komunikaciji sa podnosiocima, pri čemu izveštaj ne sadrži nikakvo upućivanje na navodnu nemogućnost da se tamo odmah pojavi (videti gore navedeni stav 10).

184. Rešenja o zadržavanju ukazuju da je njihov sadržaj preveden na engleski jezik samo za podnosioce. Međutim, Sud je mišljenja da taj nedostatak nije dovoljan da se zaključi da je došlo do povrede člana 5. stav 2. Konvencije. To je zato što je iz spisa predmeta očigledno da je prevodilac za farsi jezik bio prisutan u Policijskoj stanici Gradina nakon hapšenja podnosilaca i da su podnosioci dali nedosledne izjave o tom pitanju pred Sudom i domaćim organima. U tim okolnostima, Sud ne može da prihvati njihovu tvrdnju da prevodilac nije bio prisutan da prevede razloge za njihovo hapšenje i optužbe protiv njih, već samo da pomogne policiji u utvrđivanju njihovog identiteta (kako su podnosioci tvrdili u svojoj ustavnoj žalbi). Sudu je teško da prihvati da bi vlasti angažovale usluge gospodina P.J. isključivo u tu svrhu, s obzirom na njihovu nemogućnost da efikasno komuniciraju sa podnosiocima.

185. U skladu s tim, nije došlo do kršenja člana 5. stav 2. Konvencije.

(iii) Navodna povreda člana 5. stav 4. Konvencije

186. Podnosioci su se prituživali na osnovu člana 5. stav 4. Konvencije da su lišeni prava da ospore zakonitost svog zadržavanja pred nadležnim sudskim telom.

187. Sud primećuje da je Ustavni sud u svojoj odluci od 29. decembra 2020. godine utvrdio da je, s obzirom na posebne okolnosti podnosilaca, propust policije da im pruži pravnu pomoć efikasno lišio iste mogućnosti da ospore zakonitost svog zadržavanja (videti gore navedene st. 30. i 31) Uzimajući u obzir ovaj konkretan nalaz, Sud ne može da prihvati argument Vlade da Ustavni sud nije odlučivao o pravima podnosilaca predstavke prema članu 5. stav 4. Konvencije (videti stav 166. iznad).

188. Nakon što je već utvrdio da se podnosioci i dalje mogu smatrati žrtvama u vezi sa ovom pritužbom (videti gore navedene st. 66-74), Sud ne nalazi razlog da se ne složi sa nalazom Ustavnog suda koji se zasniva na njegovoj sopstvenoj sudskoj praksi (videti, mutatis mutandis, Černák protiv Slovačke, broj 36997/08, stav 78, od 17. decembra 2013. godine).

189. Sud shodno tome zaključuje da je došlo do povrede člana 5. stav 4. Konvencije.

VII. NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 13. KONVENCIJE U VEZI SA ČLANOM 3. KONVENCIJE I ČLANOM 4. PROTOKOLA BROJ 4. UZ KONVENCIJU

190. Pozivajući se na član 13. Konvencije u vezi sa članom 3. Konvencije i članom 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju, podnosioci su se prituživali da nisu imali na raspolaganju pravno sredstvo sa suspenzivnim dejstvom da ospore svoje udaljenje iz Srbije. Član 13. glasi:

„Svako kome su povređena prava i slobode predviđene ovom Konvencijom ima pravo na delotvorno pravno sredstvo pred domaćim organima, bez obzira jesu li povredu izvršila lica koja su postupala u službenom svojstvu”.

191. Uzimajući u obzir činjenice predmeta, podneske stranaka i svoje gore navedene nalaze, Sud smatra da je ispitao glavna pravna pitanja pokrenuta u ovoj predstavki. Stoga smatra da nema potrebe da se ispituje dopustivost i osnovanost ovih žalbi (videti Centar za pravne resurse u ime Valentin Câmpeanu protiv Rumunije [VV], broj 47848/08, stav 156, ESLJP 2014, i S.S. i dr. protiv Mađarske, br. 56417/19 i 44245/20, stav 72, od 12. oktobra 2023. godine).

PRIMENA ČLANA 41. KONVENCIJE

192. Član 41. Konvencije glasi:

„Kada Sud utvrdi povredu Konvencije ili protokola uz nju, a unutrašnje pravo Visoke strane ugovornice u pitanju omogućava samo delimičnu odštetu, Sud će, ako je to potrebno, pružiti pravično zadovoljenje oštećenoj strani.”

A. Šteta

193. Drugi i sedmi podnosilac su zahtevali 10.000 evra (EUR) u vezi sa nematerijalnom štetom.

194. Vlada je tvrdila da su zahtevi podnosilaca preterani.

195. Sud ponavlja da mu član 41. daje ovlašćenje da oštećenoj strani dodeli pravično zadovoljenje kakvo se čini prikladnim. U ovom slučaju, Sud je utvrdio višestruke povrede Konvencije, posebno kako materijalnih, tako i procesnih aspekata člana 3. Uzimajući u obzir iznose koje je Ustavni sud već dosudio za nematerijalnu štetu i isplatio podnosiocima (videti gore navedene st. 32 i 33), odnosno kako bi se izbegla dvostruka nadoknada i neosnovano bogaćenje (videti Karadeniz i dr. protiv Turske, broj 35922/20, stav 124 in fine, od 10. decembra 2024. godine i Tsaava i dr., citirano gore, stav 475), pritom poštujući princip ne ultra petitum (videti Nagmetov protiv Rusije [VV], broj 35589/08, stav 71, od 30. marta 2017. godine), Sud smatra da je prikladno da svakom podnosiocu dosudi 5.000 evra na ime nematerijalne štete, plus sve poreze koji mogu biti obračunati.

B. Troškovi i izdaci

196. Podnosioci su takođe tražili 300 evra za troškove poštanske prepiske sa njihovim zakonskim zastupnikom.

197. Vlada nije dala nikakve komentare u tom pogledu.

198. Prema sudskoj praksi Suda, podnosilac ima pravo na povraćaj troškova i izdataka samo u onoj meri u kojoj je dokazano da su stvarno i nužno nastali i da su razumni u pogledu količine. To jest, podnosilac je morao da ima troškove ili je bio obavezan da ih podmiri, u skladu sa pravnom ili ugovornom obavezom, a navedeni izdaci su morali biti neizbežni u cilju sprečavanja utvrđenog kršenja ili sticanja pravne zaštite (videti, na primer, Ćurić protiv Srbije, broj 24989/17, stav 95, od 6. februara 2024. godine, sa daljim upuđivanjima). U ovom slučaju, uzimajući u obzir dokumenta koja poseduje i gore navedene kriterijume, Sud odbacuje zahtev podnosilaca.

IZ OVIH RAZLOGA, SUD, JEDNOGLASNO,

1. Odlučuje da izbriše predstavke sa svog spiska u meri u kojoj se odnosi na pritužbe prvog, trećeg, četvrtog, petog, šestog, osmog, devetog, desetog, jedanaestog, dvanaestog, trinaestog, četrnaestog, petnaestog, šesnaestog i sedamnaestog podnosioca predstavke;

2. Proglašava pritužbe po članu 3. Konvencije u vezi sa drugim (gospodin H.A.) i sedmim (gospođa Z.F.) podnosiocem u vezi sa uslovima zadržavanja u stanici granične policije Gradina, načinom njihovog udaljenja iz Srbije i okolnostima koje su to obuhvatale, kao i njihove pritužbe po procesnom delu te odredbe, prihvatljivim, a njihove preostale pritužbe po članu 3. Konvencije neprihvatljivim;

3. Proglašava pritužbe po članu 5. st. 1, 2. i 4. Konvencije u vezi sa drugim i sedmim podnosiocem prihvatljivim;

4. Proglašava pritužbe po članu 4. Protokola broj 4. Konvencije u vezi sa drugim i sedmim podnosiocem prihvatljivim;

5. Utvrđuje da nije došlo do povrede člana 3. Konvencije u odnosu na drugog i sedmog podnosioca zbog uslova njihovog zadržavanja u stanici granične policije Gradina;

6. Utvrđuje da je došlo do povrede člana 3. Konvencije u njegovom materijalnom delu u odnosu na drugog i sedmog podnosioca zbog načina njihovog udaljenja iz Srbije i okolnosti koje su ga okruživale, i u njegovom procesnom delu u vezi sa propustom Tužene države da ispita da li bi imali pristup adekvatnom postupku azila u Bugarskoj;

7. Utvrđuje da je došlo do povrede člana 5. stav 1. Konvencije u odnosu na drugog i sedmog podnosioca zbog njihovog nezakonitog lišenja slobode od 22:30 časova 3. februara 2017. godine do između 2:30 i 3:00 4. februara 2017. godine;

8. Utvrđuje da nije došlo do povrede člana 5. stav 2. Konvencije u odnosu na drugog i sedmog podnosioca;

9. Utvrđuje da je došlo do povrede člana 5. stav 4. Konvencije u odnosu na drugog i sedmog podnosioca;

10. Utvrđuje da je došlo do povrede člana 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju u odnosu na drugog i sedmog podnosioca;

11. Utvrđuje da nema potrebe da se ispituje prihvatljivost i osnovanost pritužbi drugog i sedmog podnosioca po članu 13. u vezi sa članom 3. Konvencije i članom 4. Protokola broj 4. uz Konvenciju;

12. Odlučuje

(a) da Tužena država treba da isplati drugom i sedmom podnosiocu, u roku od tri meseca od dana kada presuda postane pravosnažna u skladu sa članom 44. stav 2. Konvencije, po 5.000 evra (pet hiljada evra) svakom, kao i sve poreze koji se mogu naplatiti, na ime nematerijalne štete;

(b) da od isteka navedenih tri meseca do izmirenja, kamata na gore navedene iznose mora biti plativa po stopi koja je jednaka graničnoj aktivnoj kamatnoj stopi Evropske centralne banke tokom perioda neispunjavanja obaveza, plus tri procentna poena;

13. Odbacuje preostali deo zahteva drugog i sedmog podnosioca za pravično zadovoljenje.

Sastavljeno na engleskom jeziku i prosleđeno u pisanom obliku 3. februara 2026. godine, u skladu s pravilom 77. st. 2. i 3. Poslovnika o radu Suda.

DODATAK

Spisak podnosilaca:

Predstavka broj 57185/17 (anonimnost je odobrena)

THIRD SECTION

CASE OF O.H. AND OTHERS v. SERBIA
(Application no. 57185/17)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG
3 February 2026

This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of O.H. and Others v. Serbia,

The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:

Ioannis Ktistakis, President,

Peeter Roosma,

Lətif Hüseynov,

Darian Pavli,

Mateja Đurović,

Canòlic Mingorance Cairat,

Vasilka Sancin, judges,

and Milan Blaško, Section Registrar,

Having regard to:

the application (no. 57185/17) against the Republic of Serbia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (”the Convention”) by 17 Afghan nationals on 1 August 2017 (”the applicants” – see appended list);

the decision to give notice of the application to the Serbian Government (”the Government”);

the decision not to have the applicants’ names disclosed;

the parties’ observations;

Having deliberated in private on 16 December 2025,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

INTRODUCTION

1. The case concerns the removal of migrants from Afghanistan to the Republic of Bulgaria after they had expressed their intention to seek asylum in Serbia, and a lack of effective domestic remedies against their removal. It also concerns the lawfulness and conditions of their detention prior to their removal.

THE FACTS

2. A list of the applicants, together with their personal details, is set out in the appended table. The President granted leave to Mr N. Kovačević to represent the applicants before the Court (Rule 36 §§ 2 and 4 (a)) of the Rules of Court).

3. The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms Z. Jadrijević Mladar.

4. The facts of the case may be summarised as follows.

I. EVENTS OF 3 AND 4 FEBRUARY 2017

5. In the early hours of 3 February 2017, at approximately 12.15 a.m., Serbian authorities arrested the applicants near Dimitrovgrad train station in Serbia. The applicants had been part of a larger group of 25 migrants detected by a border police unit monitoring the border with Bulgaria. They were arrested on suspicion of committing a misdemeanour of illegal border crossing (see paragraph 49 below).

6. Following their arrest, the police contacted police officers in Bulgaria with a view to returning the group pursuant to the Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Serbia on the readmission of persons residing without authorisation (see paragraph 58 below). However, as evident from the facts presented below, the applicants were not returned pursuant to this Agreement.

7. According to police reports, the crime scene investigation unit arrived at the place of arrest at 1.45 a.m. At 2.15 a.m. the applicants and other members of the group were brought to the premises of Gradina Border Police Station (Stanica granične policije Gradina – hereinafter ”Gradina Police Station”), which shared its offices with the Regional Border Police Centre for the Republic of Bulgaria (Regionalni centar granične policije prema Republici Bugarskoj – hereinafter ”the Regional Border Police Centre”) by members of the border police, the army and the Gendarmerie police unit (see paragraphs 51 below).

8. The police issued detention orders against the first, second, third, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, fourteenth and fifteenth applicants. The detention orders, signed by those applicants, indicate that they were served at 2.15 a.m. The applicants were detained pursuant to Article 190 of the Misdemeanours Act and Article 86 of the Police Act (see paragraphs 46 and 48 below) because they had been caught illegally crossing the border and the authorities had reasonable grounds to believe they might flee or continue committing offences, and because they could not be immediately brought before a court. The applicants were held in Gradina Police Station, with the start of detention recorded as 12.15 a.m. on 3 February 2017.

9. Along with the detention orders, the above-mentioned 10 applicants were provided with forms outlining their rights as detainees, which they also signed. Both the orders and the forms were in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. Both documents indicated that an employee of the Danish Refugee Council translated the contents into English, thereby informing the applicants of their substance. The detention orders further stated that the applicants had declined to notify anyone of their detention and had chosen not to retain legal counsel. Additionally, the orders informed the applicants of their right to appeal with a time-limit of four hours for submitting the appeal and that the judge would be required to decide on the appeal within a four-hour period.

10. According to the information provided by the applicants, the police asked a Farsi interpreter from the Belgrade Centre for Human Rights (Beogradski centar za ljudska prava – hereinafter ”the BCHR”) to go to Gradina Police Station to facilitate communication with them, but he was initially unavailable. However, he did arrive later. The Government stated that a Farsi interpreter from the BCHR had been present at Gradina Police Station in the early hours of 3 February 2017. In a report of 6 February 2017 prepared by the BCHR concerning the events of the present case, it is stated that the police asked Mr P.J., a Farsi interpreter working with the BCHR, to go to Gradina Police Station at 2.00 a.m. on 3 February 2017.

11. The police searched the applicants and their belongings between 2.15 a.m. and 4.30 a.m. Later, between 9 a.m. and 12.30 p.m., the applicants were fingerprinted and photographed under Article 77 of the Police Act to establish their identities, as none of them possessed identity documents (see paragraph 47 below).

12. The applicants were held in a basement room at Gradina Police Station. The conditions of those premises are described in paragraphs 51, 55 and 91 below. According to data provided by the applicants from the AccuWeather website, accessed on 22 July 2017, the outside temperature in Dimitrovgrad during their detention ranged from -2 oC to 6 oC. The applicants were given food provided by the Dimitrovgrad Reception Centre (Prihvatni centar u Dimitrovgradu), in cooperation with the Danish Refugee Council and the BCHR, and clothing and shoes were provided by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

13. Subsequently, according to the applicants, they were transported in a single van to the Pirot Misdemeanour Court (Prekršajni sud u Pirotu) (hereinafter ”the Misdemeanour Court’) and brought before the misdemeanour judge at around 2 p.m. Gradina Police Station and the Misdemeanour Court are situated approximately 25 km apart. The detention orders stated that the police detention ended at 2.30 p.m. The border police lodged requests to open misdemeanour proceedings against the above-mentioned 10 applicants on suspicion of illegally crossing the border. Identical requests were also filed against eight other individuals who had been apprehended at the same time as the applicants. No proceedings were sought against the remaining seven applicants, who the police had identified as minors. During the proceedings, the Misdemeanour Court expressed doubts as to the actual ages of the first, second and tenth applicants and treated them as minors during the proceedings.

14. Based on the photographs submitted by the applicants, it appears that they were held in the courthouse hallway during the misdemeanour proceedings. The images show the applicants sitting and lying on the floor, although some unoccupied benches are also visible. The applicants were kept under the continuous supervision of armed border police officers.

15. At 10.30 p.m. the Misdemeanour Court discontinued the proceedings because the applicants had expressed their intention to seek asylum in Serbia. It held that the continuation of the proceedings would run contrary to the principle of non-punishment for illegal entry of asylum-seekers provided by Article 8 of the Asylum Act (see paragraph 50 below). The Misdemeanour Court further noted that the applicants were refugees from a country affected by war and that there were indications they might have been the victims of human trafficking, which, in the court’s view, exempted them from liability for the illegal border crossing. The court also took into account the age of the minor applicants as a mitigating factor.

16. During the proceedings the applicants stated that they feared returning to Afghanistan because of the ongoing war and threat of terrorism. They also submitted that they did not consider Bulgaria a safe country, alleging that they had been subjected to extortion by the police there. The applicants admitted to having been smuggled across the border and declared their intention to apply for asylum in Serbia.

17. In the operative part of the decisions to discontinue the proceedings, the court ordered the police officers from Gradina Police Station to do the following:

”... allow the authorised representative of the competent Commissariat for Refugees [and Migration] of the Republic of Serbia to take over the proceedings concerning the individuals who have expressed the intention to seek asylum in Serbia, as these people are refugees from a war zone in Afghanistan and to ensure, through the Commissariat for Refugees [and Migration] in Dimitrovgrad, that the migrants are accommodated. The procedure must comply with the provisions of the Asylum Act, which prohibits the expulsion or return of a person against their will if they have expressed the intention to seek asylum as a refugee from a war zone. There is also a suspicion that these people are victims of human trafficking, which is why they cannot be prosecuted.”

18. The proceedings were conducted with the help of two interpreters. Firstly, the applicants’ statements were translated from Pashto or Farsi into English, and then from English into Serbian.

19. After the conclusion of the misdemeanour proceedings, the applicants were once again handed over to the police who issued certificates to each of them, indicating their intention to seek asylum in the Republic of Serbia (potvrde o izraženoj nameri da traže azil u Republici Srbiji) (hereinafter ”the asylum-intention certificates”). According to the applicants, those certificates were served around 1.00 a.m. on 4 February, while a police report states the time of service was between 12.30 and 12.45 a.m. on the same date. The certificates instructed the applicants to report to the Divljana Reception Centre and they served as temporary permits to stay in Serbia. They also noted that the minor applicants were accompanied.

20. Instead of following the decision of the Misdemeanour Court (see paragraph 17 above), the police transported the applicants in a single van to the Bulgarian border. The police confiscated all the documents previously issued to the applicants in Serbia and then forced them to cross into Bulgaria. The incident occurred during the night, in freezing conditions with temperatures dropping to -2oC. The applicants further alleged that some of them had been kicked by police officers after voicing complaints about their treatment.

21. The exact time of the applicants’ expulsion is unclear. The applicants contended that it had happened between 2.30 and 3 a.m. on 4 February 2017. A report by the BCHR stated that the van transporting the applicants had left for the border at 1.30 a.m. (as witnessed by an interpreter working for the BCHR who had spoken to the applicants before they were taken to the border). The applicants stated that the journey from the Misdemeanour Court had lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes. The Constitutional Court did not determine the exact time of the removal (see paragraphs 27-29 below). As for the police reports, they stated that the police officers had not exercised any police powers against the applicants after they had been served with the asylum-intention certificates, essentially denying that they had removed the applicants from Serbian territory.

22. According to the applicants, they spent the night in the forest. The following morning, at 8.25 a.m., they were arrested by the Bulgarian police in the village of Kalotina, near the Serbian border. The authorities then directed them to either the Voenna Rampa Reception Centre or the Harmanli Reception Centre. The seventh applicant, however, was transferred to the Bosmanci Detention Centre. On that occasion, the Bulgarian police produced a report which stated that all the applicants, except the seventh applicant, had previously been registered in the national system for the identification of individuals based on fingerprints and palm prints.

II. LATER DEVELOPMENTS

23. Following their arrest by the Bulgarian authorities (see paragraph 22 above) the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth applicants were placed in the Voenna Rampa Reception Centre. On 30 July 2017, the twelfth to seventeenth applicants re-entered Serbia, where they were re-registered as asylum-seekers and, at the time of their application to the Court, were residing in the Krnjača Asylum Centre in Belgrade. The third to sixth applicants remained in the Voenna Rampa Reception Centre in Bulgaria.

24. The first, second, eight, ninth, tenth and eleventh applicants stayed in Sofia, living either on the streets or in hotels paid for by third parties. On 11 February 2017 they re-entered Serbia. After a further attempt to remove them to Bulgaria, they succeeded in re-registering as asylum-seekers and remained in Serbia. The second applicant currently resides in Germany and, according to his legal representative, benefits from refugee protection.

25. The seventh applicant was held in Bosmanci Detention Centre. She re-entered Serbia on 28 July 2017 and was re-registered as an asylum-seeker. She now resides in France. Her representative stated that she had been resettled in France from Serbia by the UNHCR office.

III. CONSTITUTIONAL COURT PROCEEDINGS

26. The applicants, represented by lawyers working for the BCHR, lodged a constitutional appeal on 3 March 2017 and contended that several of their rights guaranteed by the Serbian Constitution (hereinafter ”the Constitution”) and the Convention had been violated. On 29 December 2020 the Constitutional Court partially upheld their constitutional appeal and ruled as follows.

A. Findings of violations

1. Complaint concerning the removal of the applicants from Serbian territory in the early hours of 4 February 2017

27. The applicants complained that the conduct of the police officers following the discontinuation of misdemeanour proceedings against them had amounted to a collective expulsion in violation of Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention and Article 39 § 3 of the Constitution.

28. The Constitutional Court held that following the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings, the police officers had transported the applicants in a van to the Bulgarian border, contrary to the decisions of the Misdemeanour Court (see paragraph 17 above). There, they had taken all the documents previously issued to the applicants (including the asylum-intention certificates) and forced them to return to Bulgaria during a very cold night, with temperatures of -2oC.

29. In the Constitutional Court’s view, that conduct had amounted to a violation of Article 39 § 3, in conjunction with Article 25 of the Constitution. The relevant parts of the decision read as follows:

”... in all cases of removal of an asylum-seeker from a Contracting State to a third intermediary country without examination of the asylum requests on the merits, regardless of whether the receiving third country is an EU Member State or not or whether it is a State Party to the [European Convention on Human Rights] or not, it is the duty of the removing State to examine thoroughly the question whether or not there is a real risk of the asylum-seeker being denied access, in the receiving third country, to an adequate asylum procedure, protecting him or her against refoulement. If it is established that the existing guarantees in this regard are insufficient, Article 3 implies a duty that the asylum-seeker should not be removed to the third country concerned.

...

... the Constitutional Court observes that, despite the fact that the applicants were legally characterised as refugees from a war zone, were subjected to the legal procedure applicable to refugees, thereby receiving the protection of the Serbian legal order, and had expressed their intention to seek asylum, they were in fact expelled by the actions of police officers. Such conduct contains elements of inhuman treatment. These elements are further reinforced by the fact that the applicants were expelled to the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, into a forest, at night, in temperatures of -2oC, particularly bearing in mind that the group included eight minors, four of whom were under the age of five and three others under the age of seven, and that this was accompanied by the confiscation of documents previously issued to them (asylum-intention certificates). By acting in this manner, State agents breached the guarantee of the principle of non-refoulement, coupled with elements of inhuman treatment, which requires that any removal of migrants be carried out in accordance with the law, and that foreigners may only be expelled on the basis of a decision of the competent authority adopted and enforced through the procedure prescribed by law. In the present case, the violation of the principle of non-refoulement, with elements of inhuman treatment, lies not only in the absence of an individualised act by which the competent authority ordered a specific person to leave the territory of Serbia, but also in the fact that the expulsion was carried out despite the decision of the Misdemeanour Court and after the asylum procedure had been initiated by the submission of a formal expression-of-intent form, at a time when that procedure had not yet been concluded.

The Constitutional Court further notes that an examination of the second aspect of the principle of non-refoulement – namely, whether the individuals concerned are being returned to a safe third country – does not arise in the present case, as such an assessment is relevant only where a formal expulsion decision has been adopted. In this case, the focus lies on the actions of the police, which were contrary to a judicial decision and effectively deprived the applicants of any possibility of participating in the full procedure for determining their asylum status.”

2. Complaints concerning safeguards against arbitrary detention

30. The applicants complained that they had not been able to appoint a lawyer in order to challenge their detention, the charges against them and the conditions of detention. Furthermore, they complained that they had not had an opportunity, with the help of an expert on immigration and human rights’ law, to present their claims of fear of ill-treatment in Afghanistan and Bulgaria. Lastly, they complained that they had not been informed, in a language they understood, of their rights during arrest and detention. The applicants argued that Mr P.J., a Farsi interpreter, had been at Gradina Police Station but for the purpose of assisting the police officers in establishing the applicants’ identities and not to interpret for the applicants the reasons for their detention.

31. The Constitutional Court analysed those complaints from the standpoint of guarantees provided in Article 27 § 3 and Article 29 § 1 of the Constitution. It found that contrary to Article 29 § 1, the police had not appointed a lawyer for the applicants, even though they had been detained without a court order. The Constitutional Court further held that it had been reasonable to assume that the applicants, owing to their circumstances, had been in need of a lawyer in order to effectively understand their rights and the proceedings against them. As the police had failed to give them a legal-aid lawyer, the Constitutional Court concluded that the applicants had been deprived of their right to challenge the lawfulness of their police-ordered detention.

3. Redress awarded

32. In addition to asking for compensation in respect of non-pecuniary damage that they had suffered, the applicants asked the Constitutional Court to order the Serbian Government, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defence to ensure no further violations of human rights of migrants and asylum-seekers and to make sure, in particular, that the principles of non-refoulement and the prohibition of collective expulsion were respected. The Constitutional Court awarded 1,000 euros (EUR) to each of the applicants in respect of non-pecuniary damage suffered owing to all the violations found and ruled that it had no jurisdiction to order measures such as the ones the applicants had requested.

33. The respondent State paid the above-mentioned compensation to the second and seventh applicants. The remaining applicants did not submit banking information needed to make the payments.

B. No violations found by the Constitutional Court

1. Complaints concerning the alleged unlawfulness and arbitrariness of the applicants’ detention

34. The applicants complained that the deprivation of liberty between their arrest and the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings against them had been arbitrary because they had ultimately been recognised as asylum-seekers and the misdemeanour proceedings against them had been discontinued. As for the deprivation of liberty following the discontinuation of those proceedings until their removal from Serbian territory, the applicants argued that it had had no basis in domestic law.

35. The Constitutional Court found no violation of Article 27 § 1 of the Constitution and ruled that the deprivation of the applicants’ liberty, which had lasted from their arrest (see paragraph 5 above) until the misdemeanour proceedings against them had been discontinued (see paragraph 15 above), had had basis in domestic law (detention of individuals caught in the act of committing a misdemeanour because their identity cannot be established, pursuant to Article 190 §§ 1 (a) and 3 of the Misdemeanours Act – see paragraph 46 below). The Constitutional Court further held that the applicants had been detained in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law because the authorities had served them with detention orders pursuant to the Misdemeanours Act. The Constitutional Court added that the decision of the Misdemeanour Court to discontinue the proceedings against the applicants because they had expressed their intention to seek asylum in Serbia could not bring into question the initial lawfulness of detention.

2. Complaints concerning the alleged ill-treatment of the applicants

36. The applicants complained that the conditions of detention in Gradina Police Station and in the building of the Misdemeanour Court had amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment.

37. As for their detention in Gradina Police Station, the Constitutional Court accepted that the applicants had been held in overcrowded conditions. The Constitutional Court, in establishing the relevant facts, referred to the findings of the Serbian Ombudsperson (see paragraph 54 below). The Constitutional Court ultimately concluded that that period of the applicants’ detention had not amounted to any form of ill-treatment prohibited by Article 25 of the Constitution. That conclusion was reached in the light of several mitigating circumstances, namely the fact that the applicants had been provided with food and clothing during their short period of detention, and that they had been detained during a migrant crisis, during which an unexpectedly high number of foreigners had entered Serbian territory. The Constitutional Court relied on this Court’s case-law in Muršić v. Croatia ([GC], no. 7334/13, 20 October 2016). As for the conditions of the applicants’ stay in the courthouse in Pirot, the Constitutional Court dismissed that part of the constitutional appeal as manifestly ill-founded.

C. Other complaints

38. The Constitutional Court did not address the applicants’ complaints that they had not had access to an effective legal remedy with suspensive effect to challenge their removal from Serbian territory and that they had been transported in overcrowded conditions from the Misdemeanour Court to the border. The Constitutional Court also did not address the applicants’ complaint regarding the unlawfulness of their detention following the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings (see paragraphs 34 and 35 above). Notwithstanding its finding that the applicants had needed a lawyer to effectively understand their rights and the proceedings against them, the Constitutional Court did not explicitly rule on the applicants’ complaint that they had not been informed, in a language they understood, of their rights during arrest and detention (see paragraphs 30 and 31 above).

IV. THE SECOND APPLICANT’S AGE

39. The second applicant, like all the other applicants, had no identification documents from his country of origin – Afghanistan. In his application, he stated that he had been born on 13 March 2000, which would have made him 16 years old at the time of his arrest and expulsion. However, official documents provide conflicting information: the detention order and the police identification report by the Serbian police list his date of birth as 1 January 1998 (see paragraphs 8 and 11 above), and the same date appears in the request to initiate misdemeanour proceedings (see paragraph 13 above). During those proceedings, the Misdemeanour Court recorded his date of birth as February 2000, indicating a suspicion that he might be a minor (ibid.). In the Bulgarian police report, it was stated that the second applicant had been born on 10 March 1996 (see paragraph 22 above).

40. In a submission dated 9 June 2025, the applicants’ representative provided the Court with the second applicant’s residence permit in Germany, which indicates that he was born on 24 January 1992. The respondent Government did not make any comments in that regard.

RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE

I. DOMESTIC LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE

A. The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (Ustav Republike Srbije, published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia – OG RS – no. 98/06)

41. Article 25 provides that physical and psychological integrity are inviolable and that no one will be subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, nor to medical or scientific experimentation without their freely given consent.

42. Article 27 §§ 1-3 reads as follows:

”Everyone has the right to personal liberty and security. Deprivation of liberty is permitted only for reasons and through procedures prescribed by law.

A person deprived of liberty by a State authority must be immediately informed, in a language he or she understands, of the reasons for the deprivation, the charges against him or her and his or her rights. That person also has the right to promptly notify a person of his or her choice of his or her detention.

Anyone deprived of liberty has the right to appeal to a court, which is obliged to promptly decide on the lawfulness of the detention and order release if the deprivation of liberty was unlawful.”

43. Article 28 §§ 1 and 2 provides that a person deprived of liberty must be treated humanely and with respect for the dignity of his or her personality and prohibits all forms of violence against a person deprived of liberty.

44. Article 29 § 1 provides that a person deprived of liberty without a court decision must be immediately informed that he or she has the right to remain silent and the right not to be questioned without the presence of a defence lawyer of his or her own choosing, or a lawyer who will provide free legal assistance if he or she is unable to pay for it.

45. Article 39 § 3 reads as follows:

”The entry and stay of foreigners in the Republic of Serbia is regulated by law. A foreigner may be expelled only on the basis of a decision by the competent authority, in a procedure prescribed by law, and only if he or she is guaranteed the right to appeal. Expulsion is permitted only where the individual does not face persecution because of their race, gender, religion, nationality, citizenship, membership in a particular social group or political opinion, or where he or she does not face a serious violation of the rights guaranteed by this Constitution.”

B. The Misdemeanours Act (Zakon o prekršajima, published in OG RS nos. 65/13 and 13/16)

46. Article 190 § 1 provides that authorised police officers may bring to court a person found committing a misdemeanour without a court order if: (a) the identity of the person cannot be determined or if identity verification is required; (b) the person does not have a permanent or temporary residence permit; (c) there is a risk that the person may leave the country to avoid liability for the misdemeanour, and the offence is such that a misdemeanour warrant cannot be issued; or (d) it is necessary to prevent the continuation of the offence, or if there is an imminent risk that the person will repeat the offence or evade misdemeanour proceedings. Article 190 § 3 provides that, in cases referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, and if immediate transfer to the court is not possible, the police may detain the suspect for up to 24 hours if there are grounds to suspect that the person may flee or continue committing the offences. In the situation referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, the competent police officer must, without delay, inform a person chosen by the detained individual of his or her detention, as well as the diplomatic or consular representative of the State of which the detainee is a national, or, where the detainee is a refugee or stateless person, the representative of the appropriate international organisation (Article 190 § 4). Paragraphs 5 and 6 of the same Article provide that a detention order is to be issued in respect of the arrested suspect and that the accused and his or her defence counsel have the right to lodge an appeal against the detention order within four hours of its service.

C. The Police Act (Zakon o policiji, published in OG RS no. 6/16)

47. Article 77 provides, inter alia, that identity verification is carried out when a person does not possess the required identification document or when there is doubt about the authenticity of such a document, and the identity cannot be verified by other means, or upon a specific request from a competent authority. It further provides that identity is established using data from forensic records, through the application of criminalistics and forensic tools, or by means of medical or other appropriate expert examinations.

48. Article 86 § 1 provides that a police officer is to detain a person where such detention is prescribed by another law.

D. The Protection of the State Border Act (Zakon o zaštiti državne granice, published in OG RS no. 97/08)

49. Article 65 § 1 provides, inter alia, that a natural person will be punished for a misdemeanour with a fine ranging from 5,000 to 50,000 Serbian dinars or with imprisonment of up to 30 days if he or she crosses or attempts to cross the State border outside a designated border crossing point.

E. The Asylum Act (Zakon o azilu, published in OG RS no. 109/07)

50. Article 8 provides that an individual who seeks asylum will not be punished for illegal entry into or stay within the territory of the Republic of Serbia, provided that he or she submits an application for asylum without delay and presents a valid justification for his or her unlawful entry or presence.

F. The Serbian Ombudsperson – the National Mechanism for the Prevention of Torture (NPM) – Reports on the visits to the Regional Border Police Centre for Bulgaria

51. The Regional Border Police Centre and Gradina Police Station are two distinct organisational units within the Serbian Police. However, they share some of the infrastructure, which is the case for the room in which the applicants were held on 3 February 2017 (see paragraph 12 above).

1. Visit on 27 July 2016

52. The visit was announced. In the relevant parts the report reads as follows:

”In the period from 1 January to 1 July 2016, a total of 2,673 individuals were registered as having been discovered while illegally crossing the State border. Of that number, the majority were citizens of Afghanistan ... According to official reports, migrants most often cross the border on foot or are smuggled in vehicles.

... According to official reports, the registration procedure at the Regional Border Police Centre premises lasts no longer than six hours.”

53. It states that in the same period the Regional Border Police Centre issued 3,296 asylum-intention certificates, following which it directed the asylum-seekers towards an asylum centre with available accommodation.

2. Visit on 9 February 2017

54. This visit was unannounced. In the relevant parts, the report reads as follows:

”According to the records of the Regional Border Police Centre, in January 2017 303 individuals were found who were attempting to enter or who had illegally entered the Republic of Serbia.

...

Asylum-intention certificates are issued by border police stations, which receive information from the duty centre of the Border Police Directorate about available places in migrant reception centres. Regional Border Police Centre officers do not escort these individuals to the centres; instead, transportation is organised by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), in coordination with the Commissariat for Refugees and Migration.

...

According to Regional Border Police Centre officers, communication with encountered foreigners is still conducted orally, in English, with someone from the group who speaks the language. Occasionally, they use interpreter services provided by the Belgrade Centre for Human Rights and the IOM. The recommendation of the NPM to provide a rights information form translated into Arabic, Farsi, Urdu and Pashto – which police officers could hand out to migrants/asylum-seekers to inform them of their legal situation and rights – has not been implemented.”

55. In a part concerning the detention of migrants, the report reads as follows:

”[The Regional Border Police Officers stated that they do] not have detention facilities and do not hold migrants in detention. In cases where misdemeanour or other proceedings are initiated during the night, migrants reportedly stay in the dining area for several hours until they are brought before a misdemeanour judge or until identity verification and other procedures are completed. In the courtyard, there is a ‘container’ intended for accommodating vulnerable groups of migrants (women and children), but it is not yet in use.

However, during the inspection of the building, the NPM team found a separate room where migrants are placed. On the floor of the room, there were spread-out, dirty blankets that appeared to have been used, as well as remnants of food, Bulgarian currency and forgotten personal belongings. Based on those findings, the NPM team concluded that migrants do spend time in that room, even though it lacks a toilet access to drinking water and adequate heating. [Photos of the room are attached to the report.]”

G. Reports by the Belgrade Centre for Human Rights

56. The BCHR, a Belgrade-based NGO that provided assistance to asylum-seekers in Serbia, published annual reports entitled ”Right to asylum in the Republic of Serbia” for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, published in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Those reports indicate that 577,995 individuals were registered as asylum-seekers in 2015. That number dropped sharply to 12,821 in 2016, and the downward trend continued in 2017 with 6,199 registrations. The number of newly registered asylum-seekers in 2017 remained consistent throughout the year.

II. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE

A. Report to the Government of Serbia on the visit to Serbia carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 26 May to 5 June 2015, 24 June 2016, CPT/Inf (2016) 21

57. The CPT visited several police establishments where persons are deprived of liberty (Gradina Police Station was not among them) and found deficiencies in the conditions of detention similar to those documented by the NPM during its visit to Gradina Police Station (see paragraph 55 above). Most pertinently, it found that cells remained unsuitable for detention beyond a few hours, with poor lighting, inadequate ventilation and no mattresses, forcing detainees to sleep on hard ”platforms”. Blankets were rarely cleaned, and sanitary facilities were generally in poor condition (see paragraph 32 of that report). The CPT recommended that Serbia improve material conditions in police cells (see paragraph 36 of that report).

B. Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Serbia on the readmission of persons residing without authorisation of 19 December 2007, OJ L 334, pp. 46-64

58. This agreement, approved by Council Decision 2007/819/EC of 8 November 2007, provides, in so far as relevant, as follows:

Article 5

”1. A Member State [any Member State of the European Union, with the exception of the Kingdom of Denmark] shall readmit, upon application by Serbia and without further formalities other than those provided for in this Agreement, all third-country nationals or stateless persons who do not, or who no longer, fulfil the legal conditions in force for entry to, presence in, or residence on, the territory of Serbia provided that it is proved, or may be validly assumed on the basis of prima facie evidence furnished, that such persons:

...

(b) illegally and directly entered the territory of Serbia after having stayed on, or transited through, the territory of the Requested Member State.

2. The readmission obligation in paragraph 1 shall not apply if:

...

(b) Serbia has issued to the third country national or stateless person a visa or residence permit before or after entering its territory unless:

— that person is in possession of a visa or residence permit, issued by the Requested Member State, which expires later, or

— the visas or residence permit issued by Serbia has been obtained by using forged or falsified documents, or by making false statement, and the person concerned has stayed on, or transited through, the territory of the Requested Member State, or

— that person fails to observe any condition attached to the visa and the person concerned has stayed on, or transited through, the territory of the Requested Member State.

...

4. After the Member State has given a positive reply to the readmission application, Serbia issues the person whose readmission has been accepted the travel document required for his or her return.

...”

Article 17

”1. This agreement shall be without prejudice to the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the Community, the Member States and Serbia arising from International Law and, in particular, from:

...

— the European Convention of 4 November 1950 for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,

...”

THE LAW

III. LOSS OF INTEREST IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF FIFTEEN APPLICANTS

59. The Court observes that Article 37 § 1 of the Convention, in its relevant parts, provides as follows:

”1. The Court may at any stage of the proceedings decide to strike an application out of its list of cases where the circumstances lead to the conclusion that

(a) the applicant does not intend to pursue his application; ...

However, the Court shall continue the examination of the application if respect for human rights as defined in the Convention and the Protocols thereto so requires.”

60. In a letter of 21 September 2021, the applicants’ representative informed the Court that he was in regular contact with the second (Mr H.A.) and seventh (Ms Z.F.) applicants. As for the other applicants, he informed the Court that they either did not wish to continue with the proceedings before the Court or that he had lost contact with them. On 14 July 2022 and 9 June 2025 the applicants’ representative confirmed that he was in contact with the second and seventh applicants, and their willingness to pursue the proceedings before the Court.

61. In their observations, the Government argued that the available information clearly shows that, with the exception of the second and seventh applicants, the remaining applicants have no intention of continuing the proceedings before the Court.

62. The Court considers that, in the above circumstances, the applicants, except for the second and seventh applicants, may be regarded as no longer wishing to pursue their application, within the meaning of Article 37 § 1 (a) of the Convention (see V.M. and Others v. Belgium (striking out) [GC], no. 60125/11, §§ 35-36, 17 November 2016, and the authorities cited therein).

63. Before striking out a case, the Court must however consider whether there are any circumstances regarding respect for human rights as defined in the Convention and its Protocols which require the continued examination of the case (Article 37 § 1 in fine).

64. The Court observes that all the applicants were subjected to the same treatment and raised identical complaints. While noting that some of the applicants who lost interest in the proceedings were minors, the Court considers that the issues raised by the present application can be adequately addressed through the examination of the complaints brought by the second and seventh applicants, who still wish to pursue the proceedings (hereinafter ”the applicants”). In these circumstances, there is no need to continue the examination of the complaints of the remaining fifteen applicants pursuant to Article 37 § 1 of the Convention in fine.

65. In view of the above considerations, the Court finds it appropriate to strike the application in respect of the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eight, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth applicants out of the list of cases pursuant to Article 37 § 1 (a) of the Convention.

IV. VICTIM STATUS OF THE SECOND AND SEVENTH APPLICANTS

66. In its decision of 29 December 2020 the Constitutional Court found that several of the applicants’ rights guaranteed by the Constitution had been breached by the Serbian authorities on 3 and 4 February 2017 (see paragraphs 27-31 above). The Constitutional Court awarded each applicant EUR 1,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage resulting from all the violations found. Those sums were subsequently paid (see paragraphs 32 and 33 above).

67. In their observations, the Government submitted that the Constitutional Court had addressed all the violations of the applicants’ rights and had awarded them just satisfaction.

68. Although not expressly raised, the Court understands the Government’s submissions as an objection that the applicants can no longer claim to be ”victims” as regards the complaints in respect of which the Constitutional Court found a violation. In any event, this is a matter which goes to the Court’s jurisdiction, which it may examine of its own motion (see Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy v. Finland [GC], no. 931/13, § 93, 27 June 2017).

69. The applicants accepted that the Constitutional Court found that several of their rights guaranteed by the Constitution and the Convention had been violated. However, they argued that the amount awarded to them in respect of non-pecuniary damage that they had suffered had not been appropriate and sufficient.

70. According to the Court’s case-law, a decision or measure favourable to the applicants is not, in principle, sufficient to deprive them of their ”victim” status for the purposes of Article 34 of the Convention unless the national authorities have acknowledged, either expressly or in substance, and then afforded redress for the breach of the Convention. Only where both these conditions have been satisfied does the subsidiary nature of the protective mechanism of the Convention preclude the examination of the application (see Selahattin Demirtaş v. Turkey (no. 2) [GC], no. 14305/17, § 218, 22 December 2020). As to the redress which is appropriate and sufficient in order to remedy a breach of a Convention right at national level, the Court has generally considered this to be dependent on all the circumstances of the case, having regard, in particular, to the nature of the Convention violation at stake. In cases of wilful ill-treatment by State agents in breach of Article 3, the State authorities must have conducted an effective investigation capable of leading to the identification and, if appropriate, punishment of those responsible (see Tsaava and Others v. Georgia [GC], nos. 13186/20 and 4 others, § 251, 11 December 2025). An award of compensation to the applicant is required where appropriate, or, at least, the possibility of seeking and obtaining compensation for the damage which the applicant sustained as a result of the ill-treatment. The victim status of an applicant may depend on the level of compensation awarded at domestic level, having regard to the facts about which he or she complains before the Court (see Gäfgen v. Germany [GC], no. 22978/05, §§ 116 and 118, ECHR 2010).

71. Turning to the present case, the Court observes that the Serbian authorities acknowledged, at least in substance, several violations of the applicants’ rights under the Convention. In particular, the Constitutional Court found a breach of Article 39 § 3 of the Constitution, which provides procedural safeguards in respect of the expulsion of foreigners (see paragraph 45 above). It held that this provision had been breached because the applicants were expelled without a prior examination of their removal on an individual basis and contrary to the instructions issued by the Misdemeanour Court (see paragraphs 27–29 above and compare with the applicants’ complaints in paragraph 79 below). It further found a violation of Article 25 of the Constitution in relation to the applicants’ allegation that they had been expelled from Serbia during the night in freezing conditions, corresponding to a violation of Article 3 of the Convention (see paragraph 29 above). Lastly, the Constitutional Court found a violation of Article 27 § 3 and Article 29 § 1 of the Constitution in connection with the applicants’ complaint that they had not been provided with legal assistance following their arrest and had been unable to challenge the lawfulness of their detention (see paragraphs 30 and 31 above). This corresponds to a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention. Accordingly, the first condition is satisfied in respect of certain aspects of the applicants’ complaints under Articles 3 and 5 of the Convention (for the full scope of the applicants’ complaints under Article 3 see paragraphs 90, 91, 113, 120, 128, and 135 below, and under Article 5 see paragraphs 150 and 161-163 below).

72. As to the redress afforded to the applicants, the Court notes that the Constitutional Court awarded each of them EUR 1,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage resulting from all the violations it had found, and that those sums were duly paid. The Court observes, however, the particularly serious nature of those violations, which included a breach of the prohibition of ill-treatment. Furthermore, the amount awarded was significantly lower than the sums granted by the Court in comparable cases (see, for example, mutatis mutandis, J.A. and Others v. Italy, no. 21329/18, §§ 67, 99, 116, and 122, 30 March 2023; and H.Q. and Others v. Hungary, nos. 46084/21 and 2 others, §§ 125, 142 and 168, 24 June 2025). The Court therefore considers that the second condition required to deprive the applicants of their victim status is not satisfied.

73. Under these circumstances, and in the context of the applicants’ victim status, it is not necessary to address the question whether the authorities complied with their obligation to conduct an effective investigation capable of leading to the identification and, if appropriate, punishment of those responsible, in respect of the conduct of the police officers which the Constitutional Court found to be in breach of Article 25 of the Constitution (see paragraphs 29 and 71 above).

74. In the light of the above, the Court finds that the decision of the Constitutional Court of 29 December 2020 did not deprive the applicants of their victim status in respect of their complaints before the Court.

V. PRELIMINARY ISSUE – THE SECOND APPLICANT’S AGE

75. In the light of the conflicting information concerning the second applicant’s age (see paragraphs 39 and 40 above), the Court considers it necessary to determine whether he was a minor at the time of the events that form the subject matter of this application, as it affects the scope and content of the respondent State’s obligations under the Convention.

76. The Court notes that official documents from Serbia and Bulgaria place the second applicant’s date of birth on various dates between March 1996 and February 2000 (see paragraph 39 above). In this context, the Court observes that the applicant spent approximately 24 hours in Serbia. This brief period did not allow the Serbian authorities sufficient time to conduct a thorough age assessment. Regarding the age assessment carried out in Bulgaria, the Court has no information about any specific steps taken by the Bulgarian authorities in order to determine the second applicant’s age.

77. The Court therefore gives greater weight to the second applicant’s most recent submission regarding his age as determined by German authorities (see paragraph 40 above). In particular, it notes that the second applicant has not disputed that date while this information does not strengthen his case in view of the assessment of complaints made by unaccompanied minors in similar cases.

78. Accordingly, the Court finds it established that the second applicant was born on 24 January 1992 and was not a minor at the time of the events that form the subject matter of this application.

VI. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 4 OF PROTOCOL No. 4 TO THE CONVENTION

79. The applicants alleged that they had been subjected to a collective expulsion. They contended that the Serbian authorities had compelled them to leave the country without conducting an individual assessment of their personal circumstances, in violation of Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention, which reads as follows:

”Collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited.”

80. The Government argued that the Constitutional Court had found, in its decision of 29 December 2020, that the applicants had been subjected to an expulsion in violation of Article 39 § 3 of the Constitution, which corresponds to Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention, and had offered the applicants appropriate redress.

81. The applicants maintained that the amount awarded to them in respect of non-pecuniary damage that they had suffered was not appropriate and sufficient.

82. The Court has already decided that the applicants can still claim to be ”victims” in respect of this complaint (see paragraphs 66-74 above).

83. It further notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

84. The Court refers to the principles concerning the ”collective” nature of an expulsion summarised in N.D. and N.T. v. Spain ([GC], nos. 8675/15 and 8697/15, §§ 193-201, 13 February 2020). It reiterates that the decisive criterion in order for an expulsion to be characterised as ”collective” is the absence of ”a reasonable and objective examination of the particular case of each individual alien of the group” (ibid., § 195).

85. Exceptions to the above rule have been found in cases where the lack of an individual expulsion decision could be attributed to the applicant’s own conduct (see Berisha and Haljiti v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (dec.), no. 18670/03, 16 June 2005, and Dritsas v. Italy (dec.), no. 2344/02, 1 February 2011).

86. In N.D. and N.T. v. Spain (cited above, §§ 201 and 209-11), the Court set out a two-tier test to determine compliance with Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 in cases where individuals cross a land border in an unauthorised manner and are expelled summarily. Firstly, it has to be taken into account whether the State provided genuine and effective access to means of legal entry, in particular border procedures to allow all persons who face persecution to submit an application for protection, based in particular on Article 3, under conditions which ensure that the application is processed in a manner consistent with international norms including the Convention. Secondly, where the State provided such access, but an applicant did not make use of it, it has to be considered whether there were cogent reasons not to do so which were based on objective facts for which the State was responsible. The absence of such cogent reasons preventing the use of these procedures could lead to this being regarded as the consequence of the applicants’ own conduct, justifying the lack of individual identification.

87. The Court observes that the applicants entered Serbia in an unauthorised manner. However, unlike in N.D. and N.T. v. Spain (cited above, §§ 24 and 25) and other cases in which the Court applied this test (see Shahzad v. Hungary, no. 12625/17, §§ 8, 9, and 47, 8 July 2021; M.H. and Others v. Croatia, nos. 15670/18 and 43115/18, §§ 7, 8 and 278, 18 November 2021; and A.A. and Others v. North Macedonia, nos. 55798/16 and 4 others, §§ 8 and 9, 5 April 2022), the applicants in the present case were not expelled summarily – either immediately or within hours after an unauthorised entry or attempted entry. Instead, they were brought before a court which acknowledged their asylum claims, ordered the authorities to facilitate the applicants’ accommodation and instructed the issuance of asylum-intention certificates serving as temporary residence permits (see paragraph 19 above). The applicants’ subsequent arbitrary removal by the police was entirely unrelated to their initial unauthorised entry into Serbian territory. The Government have not argued that the applicants had been expelled on that basis.

88. Lastly, the Court observes that the Constitutional Court already found that the domestic authorities had expelled the applicants without a prior examination of their removal on an individual basis, which had violated the prohibition of collective expulsion in respect of the applicants (see paragraphs 27-29 above). The Court has no reason to disagree with that assessment.

89. The Court therefore concludes that there has been a violation of Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention.

VII. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION

90. The applicants claimed that they had been subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment owing to the conditions of their detention at both Gradina Police Station and the Misdemeanour Court. They also complained that they had been transported from the police station to the court in Pirot, and subsequently to the Bulgarian border, in one van in overcrowded conditions. Additionally, they raised concerns about the circumstances surrounding their expulsion. Furthermore, the applicants argued that the Serbian authorities had failed to assess the risks of ill-treatment in the event of their expulsion to Bulgaria. They relied on Article 3 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

”No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”

A. Alleged violation of the substantive limb of Article 3 of the Convention

1. Detention at Gradina Police Station

91. The applicants complained that their detention at Gradina Police Station amounted to treatment in violation of Article 3 of the Convention. They alleged that they had been held for ten hours in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. They stated that they had been detained in a dilapidated basement room measuring 25 sq. m. shared with 23 other individuals, including the other applicants who later withdrew their complaints (see paragraphs 59-65 above) and other individuals who had been arrested at the same time (see paragraph 5 above). The applicants stated that the room had been cold, damp and poorly ventilated, with only one small window. Temperatures had ranged from -2oC to a maximum of 6oC that day. The applicants also complained about the lack of hygiene, inadequate lighting and the fact that men, women and children had been detained together. They added that no beds or chairs had been provided, forcing them to sit on a floor soiled with urine and faeces, using dirty blankets. Additionally, they were allegedly denied access to a toilet. They relied on the NPM report of 9 February 2017 (see paragraph 55 above).

(a) Admissibility

92. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

(b) Merits

(i) The parties’ submissions

93. The applicants maintained their complaints as detailed above.

94. The Government mainly replied by referring to the Constitutional Court’s reasoning (see paragraph 37 above). They acknowledged that the applicants had been held in overcrowded and generally poor conditions. However, they argued that those circumstances did not amount to a violation of Article 3 of the Convention. They cited several mitigating factors: the significant influx of irregular migrants; the respondent State’s limited financial resources which prevented the renovation of the detention facilities; the brief duration of the applicants’ detention – limited to the time necessary for their identification; and the provision of basic assistance such as food and clothing.

(ii) The Court’s assessment

(1) Relevant principles

95. The general principles applicable to the treatment of people held in immigration detention were set out in Khlaifia and Others v. Italy ([GC], no. 16483/12, §§ 158-69, 15 December 2016). When assessing conditions of detention, account has to be taken of the cumulative effects of these conditions, as well as of specific allegations made by the applicant. In particular, the length of the period during which the applicant was detained in the impugned conditions will be a major factor (ibid., § 163, and the authorities cited therein).

96. As regards the assessment of overcrowding in prisons, the Court clarified the principles and standards in Muršić v. Croatia ([GC], no. 7334/13, §§ 136-41, 20 October 2016). Should the personal space available to a detainee fall below 3 sq. m. of floor surface in multi-occupancy accommodation in prisons, the lack of personal space is considered so severe that a strong presumption of a violation of Article 3 arises. The presumption can be rebutted in particular by demonstrating that the cumulative effects of the other aspects of the conditions of detention compensated for the scarce allocation of personal space. In that connection the Court takes into account such factors as the length and extent of the restriction, the degree of freedom of movement and the adequacy of out-of-cell activities, as well as whether or not the conditions of detention in the particular facility are generally decent (ibid., §§ 122-38).

97. In the context of short immigration detention, the Court has applied the test of cumulative effects of conditions of detention (see Georgia v. Russia (I) [GC], no. 13255/07, §§ 192-205, ECHR 2014 (extracts) in the context of detention in police stations and detention centres for foreigners; and Khlaifia and Others, cited above, §§ 158-69 and 187-201 in the context of detention in migrant reception centres).

98. Regarding the standard of proof in conditions-of-detention cases, the Court refers to its well-established case-law on that matter (see Muršić, cited above, §§ 127-28). Once a credible and reasonably detailed description of the allegedly degrading conditions of detention, constituting a prima facie case of ill-treatment, has been made, the burden of proof is shifted to the respondent Government who alone have access to information capable of corroborating or refuting these allegations. They are required, in particular, to collect and produce relevant documents and provide a detailed account of an applicant’s conditions of detention. Relevant information from other international bodies, such as the CPT, on the conditions of detention, as well as the competent national authorities and institutions, should also inform the Court’s decision on the matter.

(2) Application of those principles to the present case

99. The Court notes that the Government did not dispute the applicants’ allegations about the conditions of their detention at the Gradina Border Police Station, nor did they challenge the findings of the Ombudsperson of 9 February 2017 (see paragraph 55 above).

100. On the basis of the foregoing, the Court finds that the applicants, together with twenty-three other individuals, were detained in a basement room measuring 25 sq. m. Accordingly, each person had approximately 1 sq. m of personal space. That personal space did not meet the minimum standard as laid down in the Court’s case-law (see, mutatis mutandis, Muršić, cited above, § 124). Thus, the question is whether the cumulative effects of other aspects of the applicants’ conditions of detention compensated for this issue.

101. The Court finds that the applicants were detained in inadequate conditions. The room in which they were held was dirty. Moreover, it lacked a toilet, access to drinking water and adequate heating, with outside temperatures in that part of Serbia on 3 February 2017 ranging from -2 oC to 6 oC (see paragraphs 12 and 55 above). There were no beds or chairs. However, the Court cannot accept the applicants’ allegation that there was no access to fresh air, as the Ombudsperson established that the room had a window. The Court also notes that the Ombudsperson’s report did not mention any problems concerning source of light in the room. The Court notes that the applicants were provided food and clothing during their detention (see paragraph 12 above).

102. The Government argued that Serbia was faced with a large influx of irregular migrants which made it challenging for the authorities to maintain appropriate conditions during police detention. It further referred to financial constraints that had prevented the renovation of detention facilities.

103. In that respect the Court reiterates that, having regard to the absolute character of Article 3, an increasing influx of migrants cannot absolve a State of its obligations under that provision, which requires that persons deprived of their liberty must be guaranteed conditions that are compatible with respect for their human dignity. However, a situation of extreme difficulty confronting the authorities is one of the factors in the assessment of whether or not there has been a breach of that Article in relation to the conditions in which such people are kept in custody, as it would be artificial to examine the facts of the case without considering the general context in which those facts arose (see Khlaifia and Others, cited above, §§ 184–85).

104. Nevertheless, the Court cannot accept the Government’s argument that the Serbian authorities were facing a situation of extreme difficulty in providing appropriate police detention facilities for irregular migrants at the beginning of 2017. The Government did not provide any evidence to show that the authorities – particularly in Dimitrovgrad – had been faced with a sudden increase in the number of irregular migrants at that time. Available statistical data confirm a sharp decline in the number of newly registered asylum-seekers in 2016 compared to 2015, with the downward trend continuing into 2017 (see paragraph 56 above). While the overall number of irregular migrants entering Serbia was certainly higher, the data indicate that the peak of migrant arrivals occurred in 2015. These figures are supported by statistics provided by the Regional Border Police Centre to the National Preventive Mechanism teams (see paragraphs 52, 53, and 54 above; also compare with S.F. and Others v. Bulgaria, no. 8138/16, §§ 91-92, 7 December 2017, and contrast with Khlaifia and Others, cited above, §§ 179-80).

105. Insofar as the Government argued that its limited financial resources prevented the renovation of the room in which the applicants had been detained, the Court reiterates that it is incumbent on the Government to organise its law-enforcement system in such a way that it ensures respect for the dignity of detainees, regardless of any financial difficulties (see, mutatis mutandis, Ananyev and Others v. Russia, nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, § 229, 10 January 2012, and the authorities cited therein).

106. The Court notes that the applicants were held in the above-described conditions for a short period, namely ten hours. In view of that short duration, the Court considers that it is of no particular relevance to examine whether the applicants enjoyed sufficient freedom of movement outside the room in which they were held and whether they had access to adequate activities outside that room (see Muršić, cited above, §§ 132-33).

107. The applicants were irregular migrants who had crossed the border unofficially and were without identity documents. In that context, the police decided to detain them, together with twenty-three other individuals, for the purpose of establishing their identity and bringing them before the Misdemeanour Court. Having regard to the Contracting States’ right to control the entry, residence and removal of aliens (see N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, cited above, § 167, and the authorities cited therein), the Court considers that detention during ten hours cannot be regarded as unreasonably long for the performance of those tasks.

108. At the same time, while the length of a detention period may be a relevant factor in assessing the gravity of suffering or humiliation caused to a detainee by the inadequate conditions of his or her detention, the relative brevity of such a period alone will not automatically remove the treatment complained of from the scope of Article 3 of the Convention if other elements are sufficient to bring it within the scope of that provision (see Muršić, cited above, § 131, and the authorities cited therein).

109. In that connection, the Court has previously found violations of Article 3 of the Convention on account of the conditions in which applicants were held, notwithstanding the relatively short duration of their detention. In Brega v. Moldova (no. 52100/08, §§ 39-43, 20 April 2010), the applicant was held for 48 hours in a cold room without bedding. After he suffered a non-lethal, but painful medical condition, he was not provided with timely medical assistance. In Rahimi v. Greece (no. 8687/08, §§ 63-86, 5 April 2011), the applicant, an unaccompanied minor who at the time was fifteen years old, was held for two days in conditions that were so severe that they undermined the very essence of human dignity. In Fakailo (Safoka) and Others v. France (no. 2871/11, §§ 39-45, 2 October 2014), the applicants were held for two days in overcrowded conditions (two of them had just over 2 sq. m of personal space, while three other applicants had less than 1 sq. m). Furthermore, the rooms were not adequately lit and the ventilation had been virtually non-existent. In T. and A. v. Turkey (no. 47146/11, §§ 91-99, 21 October 2014), the personal space available to the first applicant for the three days of her detention had been limited (between 2.3 and 1.23 sq. m) and there had been only one sofa-bed on which the inmates took turns to sleep.

110. Finally, the Court will address the question of access to toilet during the applicants’ detention. The Court has previously examined, under Article 3 of the Convention, complaints concerning applicants who were obliged to relieve themselves in the cells where they were detained without a toilet (see Danilczuk v. Cyprus, no. 21318/12, § 59, 3 April 2018), or who were unable to use the toilet in private (see Longin v. Croatia, no. 49268/10, § 60, 6 November 2012), and found that such circumstances, taken together with other factors, amounted to degrading treatment. However, in the present case, the Ombudsperson’s report on the room in which the applicants were detained does not indicate that there were traces of urine or faeces, nor was it indicated that the persons held there complained of being denied access to toilet (see paragraph 55 above). While aware that the visit took place shortly after the applicants’ detention, the Court observes that other alleged deficiencies complained of by the applicants, such as issues of fresh air and light which could not have been remedied in the meantime, proved unfounded (see paragraph 101 above). Furthermore, the applicants did not complain that they were obliged to relieve themselves in front of other detainees. In light of the above, the Court concludes that these allegations have not been substantiated.

111. Therefore, the present case, differs from the factual background of the above-mentioned judgments primarily because the applicants were exposed to inadequate conditions of detention for a significantly shorter period (and from the Rahimi judgment also because the applicants were not minors). Taking into account all the circumstances of the present case (see Labita v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 120, ECHR 2000-IV), the Court finds that the duration and impact of the applicants’ exposure to those conditions were not such as to reach the threshold of severity required to engage Article 3 of the Convention.

112. It follows that there has been no violation of Article 3 of the Convention in that respect.

2. Detention at the Misdemeanour Court in Pirot

113. The applicants complained that they had had to sit and sleep on the floor during their detention at the Misdemeanour Court and provided photographs to that effect (see paragraph 14 above).

114. The Government argued that ”one cannot absolutely speak of conditions that are contrary to Article 3 of the Convention” at the Misdemeanour Court.

115. It is not disputed by the parties that during the misdemeanour proceedings the applicants were held under the circumstances outlined in paragraph 14 above. It is further undisputed that they remained at or in front of the courthouse following the conclusion of those proceedings until they were put in a van with a view to their expulsion from Serbia. However, the Court observes that the precise conditions of their detention during the period following the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings and prior to their placement in the van remain unclear (see paragraphs 19-21 above). Having regard to the material before it, the Court considers it established that the applicants were held in the hallway of the Misdemeanour Court from approximately 2 p.m. or 2.30 p.m. until 10.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017 (see paragraphs 13 and 15 above). The Court notes that in this regard the applicants complained only of the conditions of detention in the hallway of the Misdemeanour Court (see paragraphs 90 and 113 above). It will therefore address that complaint.

116. The relevant principles have been set out in paragraphs 95, 97 and 98 above.

117. The applicants did not have access to beds or a sufficient number of chairs or benches and were obliged to sit on the floor. However, they were not required to spend the night at the courthouse. Furthermore, while the applicants were detained for approximately eight hours, this duration does not appear excessive in view of the need for the Misdemeanour Court to conduct and conclude proceedings against 18 individuals, including the applicants (see paragraph 13 above). Lastly, and most importantly, the applicants did not allege that the conditions at the courthouse were unhygienic, that they were denied access to sanitary facilities or that there were any other shortcomings in the material conditions of their detention.

118. In the light of the above, the Court finds that the conditions of the applicants’ detention at the Misdemeanour Court on 3 February 2017 did not attain a minimum level of severity sufficient to bring the complaint within the scope of Article 3 of the Convention.

119. Accordingly, this complaint is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.

3. Conditions of the applicants’ transfer to and from the Misdemeanour Court in Pirot

120. The applicants complained that the conditions of their transport to and from the Misdemeanour Court had been incompatible with Article 3 of the Convention. They submitted that they had been confined in a single van together with 23 other individuals two times, and that the transfer from the courthouse in Pirot to the Bulgarian border in those conditions had lasted for 1 hour and 30 minutes.

121. The Government did not submit any observations on this point.

122. In Tomov and Others v. Russia (nos. 18255/10 and 5 others, §§ 123-28, 9 April 2019), the Court summarised the principles applicable to complaints concerning inhuman or degrading conditions of transport, as protected under Article 3 of the Convention (citations and references excluded):

”124. The Court reiterates that assessment of whether there has been a violation of Article 3 cannot be reduced to a purely numerical calculation of the space available to a detainee during the transfer. Only a comprehensive approach to the particular circumstances of the case can provide an accurate picture of the reality for the person being transported.

125. Nevertheless, the Court considers that a strong presumption of a violation arises when detainees are transported in conveyances offering less than 0.5 square metres of space per person. Whether such cramped conditions result from an excessive number of detainees being transported together or from the restrictive design of compartments is immaterial for the Court’s analysis, which is focused on the objective conditions of transfer as they were and their effect on the applicants, rather than on their causes. The low height of the ceiling, especially of single-prisoner cubicles, which forces prisoners to stoop, may exacerbate physical suffering and fatigue. Inadequate protection from outside temperatures, when prisoner cells are not sufficiently heated or ventilated, will constitute an aggravating factor.

126. The strong presumption of a violation of Article 3 is capable of being rebutted only in the case of a short or occasional transfer. By contrast, the pernicious effects of overcrowding must be taken to increase with longer duration and greater frequency of transfers, making the applicant’s case of a violation stronger.

127. As regards longer journeys, such as those involving overnight travel by rail, the Court’s approach will be similar to that applicable to detention in stationary facilities for a period of a comparable duration. Even though a restricted floor space can be tolerated because of multi-tier bunk beds, it would be incompatible with Article 3 if prisoners forfeited a night’s sleep on account of an insufficient number of sleeping places or otherwise inadequate sleeping arrangements. Factors such as a failure to arrange an individual sleeping place for each detainee or to secure an adequate supply of drinking water and food or access to the toilet seriously aggravate the situation of prisoners during transfers and are indicative of a violation of Article 3.

128. Lastly, the Court would emphasise the importance of the CPT’s role in monitoring conditions of transfer and of the standards which it has developed for that purpose. When deciding cases concerning conditions of transfer, the Court will remain attentive to those standards and to the Contracting States’ compliance with them.”

123. Turning to the present case, the Court observes that the Government did not dispute the applicants’ allegations concerning the conditions of their transfer to and from the Misdemeanour Court. It therefore accepts as established that the applicants were transported on two occasions in a police van together with 23 other individuals, and that the second transfer lasted approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes (see paragraph 21 above). As for the first transfer – from Gradina Border Police Station to the Misdemeanour Court – its exact duration remains unclear. It could hardly have lasted more than 1 hour and 30 minutes given the proximity of the locations (see paragraph 13 above).

124. The dimensions of the van used for the transfers are unknown, as the applicants provided no details in this regard and the Government submitted no evidence. Consequently, the Court cannot determine with certainty the personal space available to each applicant during the transfers. The applicants did not allege that they were unable to stand, nor did they complain of inadequate lighting, ventilation or heating in the vehicle (contrast with Vlasov v. Russia, no. 78146/01, § 94, 12 June 2008, and Idalov v. Russia [GC], no. 5826/03, § 103, 22 May 2012).

125. The Court further observes that the applicants were transported only twice and that the total duration of the transfers did not exceed three hours. Even assuming that the conditions were cramped (see paragraph 124 above), the situation differs from cases in which the Court has found a violation of Article 3 on account of repeated transfers in overcrowded conditions, sometimes numbering dozens or even hundreds (see Tomov and Others, cited above, §§ 117 and 119). By contrast, the Court has held that the minimum threshold of severity was not reached where an applicant was subjected to such conditions only during two 30-minute transfers (see Seleznev v. Russia, no. 15591/03, § 59, 26 June 2008). The present case should also be contrasted with Akkad v. Turkey (no. 1557/19, §§ 113-15, 21 June 2022), where the Court found a violation of Article 3 on account of, inter alia, a twenty-hour transfer of a handcuffed applicant, and A.E. and T.B. v. Italy (nos. 18911/17 and 2 others, §§ 85-90, 16 November 2023), where a violation was found in respect of, inter alia, two lengthy bus transfers within a few days of immigrants in hot weather conditions.

126. In the light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that the hardship endured by the applicants during their transfers on 3 and 4 February 2017 did not attain the minimum level of severity required to bring the complaint within the ambit of Article 3 of the Convention.

127. Accordingly, this complaint is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 §§ 3 (a) and 4 of the Convention.

4. The manner of the applicants’ removal from Serbia and the circumstances surrounding it

128. Relying on Article 3 of the Convention, the applicants alleged that their removal from Serbia was conducted in a manner amounting to inhuman and degrading treatment. They submitted that the expulsion was carried out by the authorities during the night, in freezing temperatures, and involved the use of excessive physical force. Furthermore, they stated that being left to spend the night in a forest in such harsh weather conditions had further contributed to the severity of the treatment, rendering it incompatible with the standards of Article 3 of the Convention.

129. The Court observes that the Constitutional Court, in its decision of 29 December 2020, established that the applicants had been removed from Serbia during a very cold night on 4 February 2017 and that that had amounted to inhuman treatment (see paragraph 29 above).

130. The Government referred to the aforesaid finding of the Constitutional Court.

131. The Court has already held that the applicants can still claim to be victims in respect of this complaint because of the insufficient redress awarded by the Constitutional Court (see paragraphs 66-74 above).

132. The complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

133. As to the merits, the Court sees no grounds to depart from the findings of the Constitutional Court.

134. In the light of the above, the Court finds that in this connection there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention.

B. Alleged violation of the procedural limb of Article 3 of the Convention

135. The applicants complained under Article 3 of the Convention that they had been expelled to Bulgaria without any assessment of the consequences of their removal as regards the prohibition enshrined in that provision, contrary to the principle of non-refoulement. They submitted that their removal from Serbia had been carried out without any assessment of the risk of ill-treatment in Bulgaria. They maintained that the authorities had known, or ought to have known, of the deficiencies in access to asylum procedures in Bulgaria. Furthermore, the authorities did not take into account the material conditions in reception and asylum centres in Bulgaria before removing them from Serbian territory. The absence of any coordinated action between the authorities in relation to their expulsion had aggravated those risks. Lastly, the applicants submitted that they had been denied access to asylum proceedings in Serbia.

1. Admissibility

136. The Government accepted that the police had arbitrarily expelled the applicants from Serbia and referred to the findings of the Constitutional Court that the applicants’ expulsion had constituted inhuman treatment (see paragraph 29 above).

137. The applicants contended that the authorities had failed to acknowledge a violation of the Convention in that regard.

138. In so far as the above can be understood as an objection on the part of the Government that the applicants can no longer claim to be victims of a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of the complaints set out in paragraph 135 above, the Court observes that it has already found that they retain their victim status in respect of all complaints in relation to which the Constitutional Court found a violation because of the insufficient redress they received (see paragraphs 66-74 above).

139. However, the Court considers it important to add that, in its view, the Constitutional Court did not find a violation of Article 25 of the Constitution on the ground that the authorities had failed to assess the consequences of the applicants’ removal for their rights under Article 3 of the Convention. Rather, the Constitutional Court found a violation of Article 25 because of the manner in which the applicants had been expelled – namely, the specific physical acts of removal and the circumstances in which it had occurred – in respect of which this Court has already found a violation of Article 3 of the Convention (see paragraphs 128-134 above). Although the Constitutional Court referred to this Court’s case-law concerning the obligations of Contracting States when expelling aliens to third countries without an examination of their asylum claims on the merits, it concluded, after finding a violation of Articles 25 and 39 § 3 of the Constitution, that there was no need to address this aspect of the case (see paragraph 29 above). Accordingly, the Court concludes that the domestic authorities did not acknowledge a breach of the Convention in this regard (see paragraph 70 above and the authority cited therein).

140. The Court also notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

2. Merits

(a) The parties’ submissions

141. The applicants maintained their above complaints.

142. The Government submitted that the applicants had not been denied the possibility of seeking asylum in Serbia, as evidenced by the decision of the Misdemeanour Court.

(b) The Court’s assessment

143. The Court has consistently acknowledged the importance of the principle of non-refoulement (see, for example, M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece [GC], no. 30696/09, § 286, ECHR 2011, and M.A. v. Cyprus, no. 41872/10, § 133, ECHR 2013 (extracts)). It reiterates that the expulsion of an alien by a Contracting State may give rise to an issue under Article 3, and hence engage the responsibility of that State under the Convention, where substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person in question, if deported, would face a real risk of being subjected to treatment breaching Article 3 in the destination country (see O.M. and D.S. v. Ukraine, no. 18603/12, § 81, 15 September 2022). The Court has indicated that where a Contracting State seeks to remove an asylum-seeker to a third country without examining the asylum application on the merits, the main issue before the expelling authorities is whether or not the individual will have access to an adequate asylum procedure in that third country (see Ilias and Ahmed v. Hungary [GC], no. 47287/15, § 131, 21 November 2019).

144. Further relevant principles concerning an expelling State’s procedural duty under Article 3 of the Convention in cases of removal of an asylum-seeker to a third country without examination of the asylum claim on the merits have been summarised in Ilias and Ahmed (cited above, §§ 124-41).

145. In the present case, the Court has established in the context of Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention that the Serbian authorities removed the applicants to Bulgaria (see paragraph 88 above). The Court notes that the applicants expressed their wish to apply for asylum in Serbia and that they were recognised as asylum-seekers by the Misdemeanour Court and served with asylum-intention certificates (see paragraphs 15, 16 and 19 above). The Court observes that the applicants’ removal from Serbia bore no relation to the examination of their asylum applications and that the authorities expelled them without following any legal procedure and without conducting an assessment of their asylum claims on the merits. Thus, the Court’s task is to examine whether the applicants’ removal to Bulgaria was compatible with the respondent State’s procedural obligations under Article 3 of the Convention (see, mutatis mutandis, H.Q. and Others v. Hungary, cited above, § 135).

146. In this regard, the Court reiterates that in all cases of removal of an asylum-seeker from a Contracting State to a third country without examination of the asylum application on the merits, notwithstanding whether or not that third country is a State Party to the Convention, it is the duty of the removing State to examine thoroughly the question of whether or not there is a real risk of the asylum-seeker being denied access, in that third country, to an adequate asylum procedure protecting him or her against refoulement. If it is established that the existing guarantees in this regard are insufficient, Article 3 implies a duty that the asylum-seeker should not be removed to the third country concerned (ibid., § 136).

147. In the present case, the Government did not argue that Bulgaria had been a safe third country. Moreover, nothing in the material before the Court indicates that the applicants’ removal was based on any assessment of access to an asylum procedure in Bulgaria and of the adequacy of that procedure, notwithstanding the fact that the applicants expressly argued before the Misdemeanour Court that they did not consider Bulgaria to be a safe country (see paragraph 16 above). Furthermore, the clandestine manner in which the applicants were expelled deprived them of any opportunity to substantiate their claims before a body competent to examine their asylum applications. In any event, the Serbian authorities were under an obligation to carry out, of their own motion, an up-to-date assessment of the accessibility and functioning of the receiving country’s asylum system and the safeguards it afforded in practice (see Ilias and Ahmed, cited above, § 141).

148. Having regard to the above, the Court concludes that the respondent State failed to discharge its procedural obligation under Article 3 of the Convention to examine whether the applicants would have access to an adequate asylum procedure in Bulgaria. It is therefore unnecessary for the Court to examine whether Article 3 was breached on the additional grounds relied on by the applicants (see paragraph 135 above, and H.Q. and Others v. Hungary, cited above, § 141).

149. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention under its procedural limb as regards the respondent State’s failure to examine whether the applicants would have access to an adequate asylum procedure in Bulgaria.

VIII. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 §§ 1, 2 AND 4 OF THE CONVENTION

150. Relying on Article 5 §§ 1, 2 and 4, the applicants complained that their detention had been unlawful and arbitrary; that they had not been promptly informed, in a language they understood, of the reasons for their arrest and the charges against them; and that they had not been able to challenge the lawfulness of their detention before a competent judicial body. The relevant parts of Article 5 of the Convention read as follows:

”1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:

...

(c) the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so;

...

(f) the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorised entry into the country or of a person against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition.

2. Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him.

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4. Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.”

A. Admissibility

1. Existence of deprivation of liberty and its duration

151. The Court reiterates that in proclaiming the ”right to liberty”, paragraph 1 of Article 5 contemplates the physical liberty of the person. Accordingly, it is not concerned with mere restrictions on liberty of movement, which are governed by Article 2 of Protocol No. 4, with regard to persons lawfully within the territory of that State. In order to determine whether someone has been ”deprived of his liberty” within the meaning of Article 5, the starting-point must be his or her specific situation, and account must be taken of a whole range of factors such as the type, duration, effects and manner of implementation of the measure in question. The difference between deprivation and restriction of liberty is one of degree or intensity, and not one of nature or substance (see Ilias and Ahmed, cited above, §§ 211-12, and Z.A. and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 61411/15 and 3 others, §§ 133-34, 21 November 2019). The Court reiterates its established case-law to the effect that Article 5 § 1 may also apply to deprivations of liberty of a very short length (see, among many authorities, M.A. v. Cyprus, cited above, § 190).

152. The applicants submitted that they had been deprived of their liberty from 12.15 a.m. on 3 February 2017 until between 2.30 and 3 a.m. on 4 February 2017. The Government, on the other hand, argued that the applicants had been detained between 12.15 a.m. on 3 February 2017 and 12.45 a.m. on 4 February 2017, when they were served with the asylum-intention certificates. In this connection, the Court observes that the Constitutional Court considered that the applicants had been deprived of their liberty from the moment of their arrest until the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings against them at 10.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017 (see paragraphs 35 and 15 above).

153. The applicants were arrested at 12.15 a.m. on 3 February 2017 (see paragraph 5 above). According to the detention orders issued by the police, the applicants’ detention following arrest and until their transfer to the Misdemeanour Court lasted until 2.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017 (see paragraph 13 above).

154. The subsequent period of detention, lasting from the applicants’ arrival at the Misdemeanour Court until the discontinuation of misdemeanour proceedings at 10.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017, was not covered by any detention decision issued by the domestic authorities. However, it is not in dispute that the applicants were deprived of their liberty during those proceedings, as any attempt to leave would have been prevented by the police, who kept them under constant supervision (see paragraph 14 above).

155. Lastly, as regards the period after the conclusion of the misdemeanour proceedings, it could be argued that the applicants were not formally deprived of their liberty. They were recognised as asylum-seekers in Serbia, instructed to report to a reception centre and permitted to stay in Serbia pending asylum proceedings (see paragraph 19 above). Furthermore, the reasons for their arrest and detention (determination of the misdemeanour charges against them) had ceased to exist.

156. However, the Court considers that it would be too far removed from the particular circumstances of the case to reach such a conclusion. The Court notes that the Misdemeanour Court, in discontinuing the proceedings against the applicants, ordered the police officers of Gradina Police Station ”to ensure, through the Commissariat for Refugees [and Migration] in Dimitrovgrad, that the migrants are accommodated”. The applicants were then handed over to the police (see paragraphs 17 and 19 above). It appears that the applicants only became aware that they would not be provided with such accommodation when they disembarked from the van at the Bulgarian border and were expelled from Serbia (see paragraphs 20 and 21 above).

157. In the light of the above, and contrary to the Government’s argument that the applicants’ detention had ended at 12.45 a.m. on 4 February when they were served with the asylum-intention certificates (see paragraph 152 above), the Court considers that the applicants were deprived of their liberty up to the moment of their removal from Serbia. It is immaterial in this regard whether they were physically prevented from leaving by the police after they had been given the certificates or whether they were under a false impression, created by the authorities, that they would be provided with accommodation and transported there, and that they would obtain other asylum-seekers’ rights.

158. Accordingly, the Court accepts the applicants’ submission that they were deprived of their liberty from 12.15 a.m. on 3 February 2017 (when they were arrested) until between 2.30 and 3 a.m. on 4 February 2017 (when they were expelled from Serbia) and finds Article 5 of the Convention applicable.

2. Applicants’ victim status

159. In its decision of 29 December 2020 the Constitutional Court found that, in view of the applicants’ particular circumstances, the failure of the police to provide them with a lawyer effectively deprived them of the possibility to challenge the lawfulness of their detention (see paragraphs 30 and 31 above). Nevertheless, the Court has held that this finding has not deprived the applicants of victim status with regard to this complaint (see paragraphs 66-74 above).

3. Conclusion

160. The Court notes that the applicants’ complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention or inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. The parties’ submissions

(a) The applicants

161. The applicants complained that their detention had been unlawful because the authorities had failed to comply with the requirements of the Police Act and the Misdemeanour Act. They further contended that their detention had been arbitrary and that they had not been permitted to inform third parties of their whereabouts, to contact a lawyer or to obtain medical assistance. In addition, they complained that the police had not informed them of the possibility of seeking asylum. The applicants noted that the misdemeanour proceedings initiated against them had ultimately been discontinued on account of their asylum claims, which in their view rendered their detention unjustified.

162. The applicants also complained that they had not been promptly informed, in a language they understood, of the reasons for their arrest and the charges against them, because the content of the detention orders and the form outlining detainees’ rights had been conveyed to them in English, which they had not understood.

163. Lastly, the applicants complained that they had been deprived of the right to challenge the lawfulness of their detention before a competent judicial body.

(b) The Government

164. The Government emphasised its right to control the entry, residence and expulsion of aliens from its territory and submitted that the applicants had been arrested on the grounds of having committed an offence under Article 65 of the Protection of the State Border Act (see paragraph 49 above) and in order to establish their identities, in accordance with Article 190 §§ 1 (a) and 3 of the Misdemeanours Act and Article 86 of the Police Act (see paragraphs 46 and 48 above). The Government contended that the police had acted within the scope of their authority and in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. They further submitted that the detention had lasted for the shortest period possible in order to identify the applicants, conclude the misdemeanour proceedings against them and serve them with asylum-intention certificates. As for the applicants’ assertion that the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings against them had rendered the previous detention unjustified, the Government contended that at the time of their deprivation of liberty, there had been reasons prescribed by law which had justified their detention.

165. The Government further submitted that the applicants had been promptly informed, in a language they understood, of the reasons for their arrest and of the charges against them, as a Farsi interpreter, Mr P.J., had been present at Gradina Police Station and had assisted them in communicating with the police officers. They also contended that the applicants had been aware that they had crossed the border illegally, which had undoubtedly constituted a punishable offence.

166. As to the applicants’ grievance that they had not had the possibility of challenging the lawfulness of their detention, the Government argued that the Misdemeanours Act provided for such a remedy (see paragraph 46 above) and that the detention orders against the applicants had contained that information (see paragraph 9 above). The Government accepted that the Constitutional Court had found a violation of the applicants’ rights under Article 27 § 3 and Article 29 § 1 of the Constitution. However, the Government contended that the Constitutional Court had only found that violation because the police had failed to provide the applicants with a lawyer, and that the ruling had no bearing on their rights under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.

2. The Court’s assessment

(a) Relevant principles

167. The relevant principles relating to Article 5 § 1 of the Convention are set out in S., V. and A. v. Denmark ([GC], nos. 35553/12 and 2 others, §§ 73-77, 22 October 2018), and Denis and Irvine v. Belgium ([GC], nos. 62819/17 and 63921/17, §§ 123-32, 1 June 2021).

168. In particular, sub-paragraphs (a) to (f) of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention contain an exhaustive list of permissible grounds for deprivation of liberty, and no deprivation of liberty will be lawful unless it falls within one of those grounds (see Denis and Irvine, cited above, § 124).

169. Any deprivation of liberty must, in addition to falling within one of the exceptions set out in sub-paragraphs (a) to (f) of Article 5 § 1, be ”lawful”. Where the ”lawfulness” of detention is in issue, including the question whether ”a procedure prescribed by law” has been followed, the Convention refers essentially to national law and lays down the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules of that law (ibid., § 125).

170. In addition to being in conformity with domestic law, Article 5 § 1 requires that any deprivation of liberty should be in keeping with the purpose of protecting the individual from arbitrariness (see, among recent authorities, Rooman v. Belgium [GC], no. 18052/11, § 190, 31 January 2019, and Denis and Irvine, cited above, § 129). The relevant principles concerning the notion of arbitrary detention in the context of Article 5 are summarised in Saadi v. the United Kingdom ([GC], no. 13229/03, §§ 67-74, ECHR 2008), James, Wells and Lee v. the United Kingdom (nos. 25119/09, 57715/09 and 57877/09, §§ 191-95, 18 September 2012) and Denis and Irvine (cited above, §§ 129-32). One general principle established in the case-law is that detention will be ”arbitrary” where, despite complying with the letter of national law, there has been an element of bad faith or deception on the part of the authorities or where the authorities neglected to apply the relevant legislation correctly (see S., V. and A. v. Denmark, cited above, § 76, with further references).

171. Paragraph 2 of Article 5 lays down an elementary safeguard: any person who has been arrested should know why he or she is being deprived of his or her liberty. This provision is an integral part of the scheme of protection afforded by Article 5: any person who has been arrested must be told, in simple, non-technical language that he or she can understand, the essential legal and factual grounds for his or her deprivation of liberty, so as to be able to apply to a court to challenge its lawfulness in accordance with paragraph 4. Whilst this information must be conveyed ”promptly”, it need not be related in its entirety by the arresting officer at the very moment of the arrest. Whether the content and promptness of the information conveyed were sufficient is to be assessed in each case according to its special features (see Khlaifia and Others, cited above, § 115 and the references therein).

172. Regarding the remedy from Article 5 § 4, it must be sufficiently certain, not only in theory but also in practice, failing which it will lack the requisite accessibility and effectiveness (ibid., § 130).

(b) Application of those principles to the present case

(i) Alleged violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention

173. The Court notes that the Government argued, and the material before it shows (see paragraphs 8 and 35 above), that the applicants had been deprived of their liberty in the course of misdemeanour proceedings because of an unlawful border crossing in order to establish their identities and bring them before the Misdemeanour Court. The Court therefore concludes that the applicants had been deprived of their liberty on grounds that fall under either Article 5 § 1 (c) or Article 5 § 1 (f) of the Convention.

174. However, the Court finds that the applicants’ detention following the conclusion of the misdemeanour proceedings was completely unrelated to the grounds of detention advanced by the Government (see paragraphs 155-157 above). Furthermore, the Government did not refer to any domestic provision which could serve as alternative grounds of detention for that period.

175. Once the misdemeanour proceedings had been concluded, the applicants’ continued detention had no connection to those proceedings. The applicants were kept in detention while waiting to be served with asylum-intention certificates until 12.45 a.m. on 4 February 2017. Once they received them, under the false impression created by the authorities that the police would transport them to one of the asylum reception centres, the applicants were driven to the border and forcibly expelled from Serbia (see paragraphs 157 and 158 above).

176. This is enough for the Court to conclude that the applicants’ detention from 10.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017 until between 2.30 and 3 a.m. on 4 February 2017 was unlawful and arbitrary because that period of detention had no basis in national law and the applicants were deprived of their liberty in a deceptive way.

177. In the light of the above, the Court finds that it is not necessary for it to rule on the compliance with Article 5 § 1 of the Convention of the period of the applicants’ detention from their arrest until the discontinuation of the misdemeanour proceedings (see paragraphs 153 and 154 above). For the same reasons, the Court holds that it is not necessary to examine whether Article 5 § 1 was breached on the additional grounds relied on by the applicants (see paragraph 161 above).

178. The Court accordingly finds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention in respect of the applicants’ detention from 10.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017 until between 2.30 and 3 a.m. on 4 February 2017.

(ii) Alleged violation of Article 5 § 2 of the Convention

179. It is undisputed between the parties that the authorities served the applicants with detention orders indicating the reasons for their arrest and the charges against them (see paragraphs 8 and 9 above). The applicants did not allege that that information had not been provided ”promptly”. The sole issue in dispute is whether the applicants were able to understand that information.

180. The applicants alleged that the content of the detention orders, drafted in Serbian Cyrillic, had been translated for them into English, a language they did not understand. The Government did not dispute that the applicants lacked knowledge of English, but maintained that a Farsi interpreter had been present at Gradina Police Station on 3 February 2017.

181. At the outset, the Court notes that both the detention orders and the accompanying forms on the rights of detained persons were drafted in Serbian Cyrillic. Those documents indicate that their contents were translated for the applicants into English, thereby informing them of their substance.

182. However, the Court is not persuaded by the applicants’ contention that that information was provided to them exclusively in English.

183. Firstly, the Court accepts the Government’s assertion that a Farsi interpreter was present at Gradina Police Station in the early hours of 3 February 2017. Although the applicants stated that the Farsi interpreter, Mr P.J., had not been at Gradina Police Station at that time and had arrived later, the Court notes that the applicants, represented by lawyers from the BCHR, made a different statement before the Constitutional Court (see paragraphs 26 and 30 above). Furthermore, a report by the BCHR indicates that Mr P.J. had been asked by the police to go to Gradina Police Station in order to assist officers in communicating with the applicants, and contains no reference to any alleged inability to be there immediately (see paragraph 10 above).

184. The detention orders indicate that their content was only translated into English for the applicants. However, the Court is of the opinion that that flaw is not enough to conclude that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 2 of the Convention. This is because it is evident from the case file that a Farsi interpreter was present at Gradina Police Station following the applicants’ arrest and that the applicants gave inconsistent statements on that point before the Court and the domestic authorities. In these circumstances, the Court cannot accept their contention that the interpreter had not been present to translate the reasons for their arrest and the charges against them, but only to assist the police in establishing their identities (as argued by the applicants in their constitutional appeal). The Court finds it difficult to accept that the authorities would have engaged the services of Mr P.J. solely for that purpose, given their inability to communicate effectively with the applicants.

185. Accordingly, there has not been a violation of Article 5 § 2 of the Convention.

(iii) Alleged violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention

186. The applicants complained under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention that they had been deprived of the right to challenge the lawfulness of their detention before a competent judicial body.

187. The Court observes that, in its decision of 29 December 2020, the Constitutional Court held that, in view of the applicants’ particular circumstances, the police’s failure to provide them with legal assistance had effectively deprived them of the possibility of challenging the lawfulness of their detention (see paragraphs 30 and 31 above). Having regard to this specific finding, the Court cannot accept the Government’s argument that the Constitutional Court did not rule on the applicants’ rights under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention (see paragraph 166 above).

188. Having already found that the applicants can still be considered victims in respect of this complaint (see paragraphs 66-74 above), the Court finds no reason to disagree with the finding of the Constitutional Court which is based on its own case-law (see, mutatis mutandis, Černák v. Slovakia, no. 36997/08, § 78, 17 December 2013).

189. The Court accordingly concludes that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.

IX. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE CONVENTION IN CONJUCTION WITH ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION AND ARTICLE 4 OF PROTOCOL No. 4 TO THE CONVENTION

190. Relying on Article 13 of the Convention in conjunction with Article 3 of the Convention and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention, the applicants complained that they had had no remedy with suspensive effect at their disposal to challenge their removal from Serbia. Article 13 reads as follows:

”Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.”

191. Having regard to the facts of the case, the submissions of the parties, and its findings above, the Court considers that it has examined the main legal questions raised in the present application. It thus considers that there is no need to examine the admissibility and the merits of these complaints (see Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania [GC], no. 47848/08, § 156, ECHR 2014, and S.S. and Others v. Hungary, nos. 56417/19 and 44245/20, § 72, 12 October 2023).

X. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION

192. Article 41 of the Convention provides:

”If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

A. Damage

193. The second and seventh applicants claimed 10,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non-pecuniary damage.

194. The Government argued that the applicants’ claims were excessive.

195. The Court reiterates that Article 41 empowers it to afford the injured party such just satisfaction as appears to be appropriate. In the present case, the Court has found multiple breaches of the Convention, notably of both the substantive and procedural aspects of Article 3. Taking into account the amounts already awarded for non-pecuniary damage by the Constitutional Court and paid to the applicants (see paragraphs 32 and 33 above), and in order to avoid double compensation and unjust enrichment (see Karadeniz and Others v. Türkiye, no. 35922/20, § 124 in fine, 10 December 2024 and Tsaava and Others, cited above, § 475), as well as respecting the principle ne ultra petitum (see Nagmetov v. Russia [GC], no. 35589/08, § 71, 30 March 2017), the Court considers it appropriate to award each applicant EUR 5,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable.

B. Costs and expenses

196. The applicants also claimed EUR 300 for the costs of postal correspondence with their legal representative.

197. The Government did not make any comments in this regard.

198. According to the Court’s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these were actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. That is, the applicant must have paid them or be bound to pay them pursuant to a legal or contractual obligation, and they must have been unavoidable in order to prevent the violation found or to obtain redress (see, among other authorities, Đurić v. Serbia, no. 24989/17, § 95, 6 February 2024, with further references). In the present case, regard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria, the Court rejects the applicants’ claim.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

1. Decides to strike the application out of its list in so far as it concerns the complaints of the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, eight, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth applicants;

2. Declares the complaints under Article 3 of the Convention in respect of the second (Mr H.A.) and seventh (Ms Z.F.) applicants concerning the conditions of detention in Gradina Border Police Station, the manner of their removal from Serbia and the circumstances surrounding it as well as their complaints under the procedural limb of that provision admissible, and their remaining complaints under Article 3 of the Convention inadmissible;

3. Declares the complaints under Article 5 §§ 1, 2 and 4 of the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants admissible;

4. Declares the complaints under Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 of the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants admissible;

5. Holds that there has been no violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants on account of the conditions of their detention in Gradina Border Police Station;

6. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in its substantive limb in respect of the second and seventh applicants on account of the manner of their removal from Serbia and the circumstances surrounding it and in its procedural limb as regards the respondent State’s failure to examine whether they would have access to an adequate asylum procedure in Bulgaria;

7. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants because of their unlawful detention from 10.30 p.m. on 3 February 2017 until between 2.30 and 3 a.m. on 4 February 2017;

8. Holds that there has been no violation of Article 5 § 2 of the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants;

9. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants;

10. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention in respect of the second and seventh applicants;

11. Holds that there is no need to examine the admissibility and merits of the second and seventh applicants’ complaints under Article 13 in conjunction with Article 3 of the Convention and Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention;

12. Holds

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the second and seventh applicants, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, EUR 5,000 (five thousand euros) each, plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;

13. Dismisses the remainder of the second and seventh applicants’ claim for just satisfaction.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 3 February 2026, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

APPENDIX

List of applicants:

Application no. 57185/17 (anonymity has been granted)